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II. Potential Errors In Epidemiologic Studies Random Error Dr. Sherine Shawky
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Learning Objectives Understand the concept of random error Recognize the methods to prevent random error Know the methods to evaluate the role of chance on results
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Performance Objectives Improve precision Evaluate the role of chance
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In most epidemiologic studies, it is impossible to evaluate every member of the entire population. Thus, the relationship between exposure and health-related event is judged from observations on sample of the population
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Samples n1n1 n2n2 n3n3 n4n4 n5n5 n6n6 N
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Chance Lack of Precision Random Error
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Control of Random Error Prevent Study Evaluate
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Prevention of Random Error Sample size Hypothesis Type of Error
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Hypothesis H 0 = No difference H 1 = Some difference
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Types of Error
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n1n1 n2n2 N Sample Size
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How many subjects are required ?
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Sample Size Calculation Assumption Parameters Factors
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Assumption for Sample Size Calculation H 0 is not true & H 1 is true
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Factors for Sample Size Calculation Population size Research question Study design Type of data
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Parameters for Sample Size Calculation Probability of type I error Probability of type II error Proportion of population that are exposed to, or have health- related event Magnitude of the expected effect
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What is the power of this study if only these subjects are available ? ? Power
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Power Calculation Work the appropriate sample size equation in the inverse direction, using the available sample size
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Evaluation of the Role of Chance Statistical Testing Confidence Interval
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Statistical Testing Assumption Statistical test P-value
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Assumption for Statistical Testing H 0 is true
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Choice of Statistical Test Research question Type of data Characteristics of data
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P-value The P-value is the estimated value for issue from results The P-value depends on the sample size and the strength of the association
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P-value (cont.) Two-tailed for given magnitude and uncertain direction One tailed for given magnitude and known direction
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Confidence Interval (CI) More informative than P-value Indicates presence or absence of statistical significance Calculated for mean, proportion, relative risk and odds ratio
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Interpretation of CI
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Conclusion When a research is performed on a sample of the population, the researcher has to minimize the role of chance before initiating the study. Also, he should evaluate its impact on the results before making decisions.
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