1. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.1 A Framework for Testing Wireless Applications Ibrahim K. El-Far Roussi Roussev Nattawut Sridranop Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, Florida, United States

2. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.2 Agenda A word about the project A quick background on WAP An introduction to model-driven testing A report on project activities and status A discussion of future work Summary and conclusions

3. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.3 About the Project History – contract, initial problems Staff – abilities, skills, assignments Scope – extent of activities Requirements – deliverables, demonstrations Approach – planning, solutions, tools Status – achievements, remainder of work

4. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.4 Handheld Wireless Devices Low power requirements Low and variable bandwidth High latency Ephemeral network connectivity Weak processing power Typically small displays Limited user input

5. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.5 Wireless Application Protocol Consists of a collection of specifications of wireless solutions Solutions are claimed to address the aforementioned constraints of handheld wireless devices Proposed by the WAP Forum (now Open Mobile Alliance) Possesses backing of various major industry players

6. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.6 WAP: The Big Picture

7. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.7 Architecture: WAP vs. Internet

8. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.8 Wireless Session Protocol A binary hypermedia transfer protocol Provides both connection-oriented and connectionless modes of service Provides a Push mechanism

9. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.9 continued Wireless Session Protocol Connection-oriented mode Reliable transfer of packets Transient network connectivity is addressed Connectionless mode Unreliable transfer of packets Stateless Provides a Push mechanism Initiated by server Intended for software updates and provisioning

10. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.10 Wireless Markup Language A markup language that extends XHTML Provided for backward compatibility Earlier versions were extensions of XML We were asked to consider WML 1 WAP 2 requires XHTML Mobile Profile Addresses the peculiar needs of narrowband wireless devices

11. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.11 WML 1.3 Information is organized into decks and cards A card specifies units of interaction Cards are grouped into decks A deck is analogous to an HTML page

12. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.12 WML 1 Sample Content

13. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.13 Model-Driven Testing

14. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.14 Grammars A grammar is a formal system of an alphabet and a number of rules The rules describe how to form words and or sentences based on the alphabet A grammar defines a language or the collection of all words and or sentences that can be formed using its rules ISO 14977 standard defines a notation that can be used to express grammars

15. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.15 Grammars: Example Sentence = Noun Phrase, Verb Phrase; Noun Phrase = Proper Noun | Determiner, Common Noun; Proper Noun = John | Jill; Common Noun = car | hamburger Determiner = a | the Verb Phrase = Verb, Adverb | Verb; Verb = drives | eats; Adverb = slowly | frequently; (Example taken almost verbatim from Thomas Sudkamps Languages and Machines: An Introduction to the Theory of Computer Science, published by Addison-Wesley, 1997)

16. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.16 Example Generated Sentences John eats slowly The car drives frequently Jill drives slowly.

17. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.17 Project Deliverables Test design Test automation framework Test suites used Problem reports

18. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.18 Scenario 1 WML Test Environment Set Up

19. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.19 Scenario 2 WSP Test Environment Set Up

20. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.20 Modeling the WSP Get Fields in every PDU TID (associates requests with replies) Type (identifies PDU type; 0x40 for Get) Fields of the Get PDU URILen (length of the URI Field) URI (Universal Resource Identifier) Headers (headers associated with request)

21. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.21 continued Modeling the WSP Get General PDU = TID, Specific Type PDU; Specific Type PDU = Get PDU | … other PDUs …; Get PDU = Get Type, URILen, URI, Headers; Get Type = 0x40; URILen = uintvar; (* unsigned variable-length integer*) URI = (* list of test URIs *) Headers = (* Extracted from grammar in specifications *)

22. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.22 Modeling WML 1.3 Verbatim from DTD:

23. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.23 continued Modeling WML 1.3 Equivalent rules in grammar: (* ENTITY flow *) flow = text | layout | img | anchor | a | table; (* ENTITY task *) task = go | prev | noop | refresh;

24. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.24 continued Modeling WML 1.3 Verbatim from DTD: Rule in grammar: wml element = " ", [head], [template], card, {card}, " ";

25. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.25 Demo Or What Kind of Tool is Needed to Model Applications and Generate Tests

26. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.26 Future Work Model other components of WAP Improve collecting & evaluating results Automate model building for certain types of systems Develop better techniques for generating interesting tests Enhance existing tools to help users better visualize models

27. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.27 Questions and Comments

28. Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.28 Contact Information You can reach Ibrahim K. El-Far by Email: ielfar@acm.orgielfar@acm.org Web: http://www.testingresearch.com/http://www.testingresearch.com/ You can reach Roussi Roussev by Email: rroussev@se.fit.edurroussev@se.fit.edu You can reach Nattawut Sridranop by Email: bird@se.fit.edubird@se.fit.edu