1. TO DETERMINE THE NATURE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC BY IDENTIFYING THEIR ACTIONS THAT LED TO THE CREATION OF A STATE AND SOCIETY

2. PRAGMATIC & PRACTICAL SENATUS POPULUSQUE ROMANUM THE ROMAN SENATE & PEOPLE CONSTITUTION CHANGED AS SOCIETY CHANGED 509 BCE VS. 27 BCE CONSTITUTION SET OF TRADITIONAL BELIEFS, CUSTOMS & LAWS SOCIAL DIVISIONS SHAPED POLITICS PATRICIANS 10% PLEBIANS 90% SENATE –STABILITY & CONTINUITY

3. EXECUTIVE – 2 CONSULS LEGISLATURE – STRUGGLE OF THE ORDERS SENATE ASSEMBLY OF CENTURIES TRIBUNES – PLEBES W/ VETO ASSEMBLY OF TRIBES 12 TABLES 451 BC – 1 ST LEGAL CODE LANDMARK 287 ALL LAWS PASSED BY PLEBEIAN ASSEMBLY HAD FORCE OF LAW & BINDING ON ALL – NO SENATE APPROVAL LASTING LEGACY WAS STRUGGLE ORDERLY, PEACEFUL & NOT VIOLENT – PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS ALL MALE CITIZENS = BEFORE THE LAW PATERFAMILIAS

4. 500-300 BCE - CONQUEST OF ITALY – GAULS – PAID OFF TO LEAVE 390BCE SUPERIOR ORGANIZATION, INSTITUTIONS & MANPOWER WON OUT TIME AFTER TIME COLONIZATION – SPREAD CULTURE; GENIUS WAS BRING- ING HETEROGENEOUS GROUPS INTO 1 POL. SYSTEM 2 GROUPS – THOSE IN & AROUND ROME ROMANS AND THOSE FURTHER FROM ROME - ITALIANS – NO VOTE THIS STRATEGY ALLOWED FOR PEOPLES TO SHARE A CULTURE TO BECOME ROMAN

5. SAMNITE WARS 282 BCE: PYRRHIC VICTORY – ROME HAS DIRECT CONTACT WITH GREEKS IN S. ITALY BY 264 BCE ALL ITALY UNDER ROMAN CONTROL EXCEPT EXTREME NORTH PUNIC WARS WITH CARTHAGE (MAJOR MEDITERRANEAN POWER) 3 SEPARATE WARS 1 ST 264-241 BCE – BEGAN IN SICILY, ROME DEVELOPED NAVY & DEFEATS CARTHAGE CARTHAGE GAVE UP SICILY & PAID ROME INDEMNITY – 1 ST ROMAN OVERSEAS PROVINCE

6. SAMNITE WARS 282 BCE: PYRRHIC VICTORY – ROME HAS DIRECT CONTACT WITH GREEKS IN S. ITALY BY 264 BCE ALL ITALY UNDER ROMAN CONTROL EXCEPT EXTREME NORTH PUNIC WARS WITH CARTHAGE (MAJOR MEDITERRANEAN POWER) 3 SEPARATE WARS 1 ST 264-241 BCE – BEGAN IN SICILY, ROME DEVELOPED NAVY & DEFEATS CARTHAGE CARTHAGE GAVE UP SICILY & PAID ROME INDEMNITY – 1 ST ROMAN OVERSEAS PROVINCE

7. H. BARCA EXTENDS C. LAND IN SPAIN FOR MANPOWER SPAIN DIVIDED B/W C. & R. C. PROVOKED & DECLARES WAR BAD FOR ROME UNTIL BATTLE OF ZAMA 202 BCE R. CONTROLS SPAIN, C. $, WONT DECLARE WAR W/O PERM.

8. CARTHAGE BASICALLY NEUTERED BUT SOME ROMANS WANT MORE – CONSERVATIVES CONTROL SENATE ROME DECLARES WAR A 3 RD TIME SINCE C. BROKE TREATY BUT NOT A REAL THREAT 149-146 BCE CARTHAGE NO MATCH FOR ROMANS UNDER SCIPIO AEMILIANUS AFRICANUS THE YOUNGER CARTHAGE ROMAN TERRITORY CALLED AFRICA CITY RAZED, SURVIVORS SOLD INTO SLAVERY

9. CONFLICT BETWEEN ROMANS AND MACEDONIANS & SELEUCID KINGDOM ROME CHAMPIONED GREEK STATES FREEDOM & INDEPENDENCE TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES REARRANGED IN HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS AS A RESULT FREEDOM BY 196 BCE ROME TRIED TO STAY OUT OF GREEK AFFAIRS BUT WILL MAKE THEM PROVINCES STARTING IN 148 BCE MACEDONIA, CORINTH, PEGAMUM DEEDED TO ROME 133 BCE – FIRST ROMAN PROVINCE IN ASIA MARE NOSTRUM; OUR SEA; MASTER OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SPAIN TO ASIA MINOR BY 130 BCE