1. Cell Determination & Cell Differentiation

2. Overview of birth lineage and death

3. All cells are derived from a singl cell

4. Cell Determination
CELL DETERMINATION is the process by which portions of the genome are selected for expression in different embryonic cells. This involves developmental decisions that gradually restrict cell fate. Cells can progress from TOTIPOTENT to PLURIPOTENT to DETERMINED.

5. Animal cell undergoes simillar early embryonic development
From Egg To Tadpole next
Blastula next
Gastrulation next
Huamn embryo development next

6. A cell can be determined long before it show any obervious outwad sign of differentiation
Gastrula Endoderm,Mesoderm,Ectodermnext
Embryo Transplation next
Misplaced tissue next

7. How do two cells with the same genome come to be different?
Sister cells can be born different by an asymmetric cell division next
Cell-to-cell interaction in cell fate determination next
Embryonic Induction next

8. Housekeeping gene
Housekeeping Gene serving a fuction required in all the cell types of an organism, regardless of their specialized role.

9. luxury gene
Luxury gene Gene performing specialized function in a definite type of cell, not required by all cell types of an organism.

10. Cell Differentiation Differentiation – The process whereby an
unspecialized early embryonic cell
acquires the features of a specialized
cell such as a heart, liver, or muscle
cell.

11. Differentiated Cell Remain Totipotent
Cloning of animal by nulear transfer

12. Principle of Cell Differentiation
Each differentiated cell contains a complete genome.
The differences between different types of cells are only duo to expression of different kinds of proteins, that is, a set of genes are switched on in a certain type of cell, meanwhile are switched off in another type of cell.

13. Cell differentiation is controlled by Transcription
Tissue specific transcription factors These proteins cause the experssion of a whole block of proteins that together give cell its identity.

14. Muscle Differentiation

15. Cell Differentiation is reversible
Embryonic Stem cell (ES) can complete the whole process of differentiation in proper environment.next
Differentiated cell can undergo dedifferentiation or transdifferentiation.
Cancer cell can be induce to differentiate.next

16. Stem Cell WHAT ARE THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF ALL STEM CELLS? next
WHAT ARE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS? next
WHAT ARE ADULT STEM CELLS? ext
OBSTACLES THAT MUST BE OVERCOME next

17. All stem cells have three general properties
Stem cells are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods.
Stem cells are unspecialized.
Stem cells can give rise to specialized cells.
continue

18. WHAT ARE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS?
Embryonic stem cells – Primitive (undifferentiated) cells from the embryo that have the potential to become a wide variety of specialized cell types.
Human embryonic stem cells are derived from blastocyst
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19. Diseases that might be treated by ES cells
Diseases that might be treated by transplanting cells generated from human embryonic stem cells include Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, traumatic spinal cord injury, Purkinje cell degeneration, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, heart disease, and vision and hearing loss. next

20. How are embryonic stem cells stimulated to differentiate?

21. How are embryonic stem cells stimulated to differentiate? continued

22. WHAT ARE ADULT STEM CELLS?
Adult stem cell–An undifferentiated cell found in a differentiated tissue that can renew itself and (with certain limitations) differentiate to yield all the specialized cell types of the tissue from which it originated.
next

23. Heart muscle repair with adult stem cells.

24. OBSTACLES THAT MUST BE OVERCOME
Proliferate extensively and generate sufficient quantities of tissue.
Differentiate into the desired cell type(s).
Survive in the recipient after transplant.

25. OBSTACLES THAT MUST BE OVERCOME continued
Integrate into the surrounding tissue after transplant.
Function appropriately for the duration of the recipient’s life.
Avoid harming the recipient in any way.

26. Blastula

27. The stages of cleavage in Xenopus

28. Early stages of mouse development

29. Early mouse embryo

30. Gastrulation

31. Layers of germ cell

32. Differetiation of Human Tissue

33. Embryonic Germ Layers From Which Differentiated Tissues Develop

34. Development of the Preimplantation Blastocyst in Humans

35. 40 weeks of huamn

36. My daughter

37. Misplaced toe

38. Two wing bud

39. The standard test for cell determination

40. Enuleate frog

41. Microinjection

42. Clone pig A

43. Clone Pig B

44. Clone Pig C

45. Birth of Dolly
１９９６年７月５日对罗斯林研究所伊恩·维尔穆特科学研究小组全体成员，是一个令人激动的日子；对全世界也是值得庆贺的一天。因为一只妊娠了１４８天，体重为６．６千克，编号为６ＬＬ３的小绵羊，来到这个世界，它是科学家们用克隆技术“复制”出来的。
１９９７年２月２７日，英国《自然》杂志全文刊登罗斯林研究所的实验结果。

46. Dolly,1 year old

47. Dolly with Reportor

48. Ainstan & Hitler

49. Dolly and Polly

50. Dolly,6 years old
Feb 14,2003

51. Dolly with Wilmut

52. Two ways making sister cells different

53. Asymmetric division are particularly common at the beginning of development, when the fertilized egg divides to give daughter cells with different fates,but they also occur at later stages—in the genesis of nerbe cells,for example.next

54. Asymmetric division segregating P granules into the founder cel of the C.elegans germ line.

55. Caenorhabditis elegan

56. The linegae tree for the cells that form the gut of C.elegans.

57. The pattern of the cell divisions in the early nematode embryo.

58. Cell-signal path ways controlling assignment of different characters to the cells in a four-cell nematode embryo.

59. Vertebrate embryos rely extensively upon inductive interactions to diversify the number of different kinds of cells in the embryo.next

60. Induction is the process by which one group of cells produces a signal that determines the fate of a second group of cells.

61. This implies both the capacity to produce a signal (ligand) by the inducing cells and the competence of the responding cells to receive and interpret the signal via a signal transduction pathway.
The chemical characterist of inducer is protein.

62. The presence of organizing centers—the Mangold–Spemann experiment.a

63. The presence of organizing centers—the Mangold–Spemann experiment.b

64. Patterning by sequential induction

65. Development of Human Embryonic Tissues

66. Techniques for Generating Embryonic Stem Cell Cultures

67. Embryonic cell can be maintained

68. Creating chimeric mouse

69. Making chimeric mouse with ES cell

70. Patterns of stem cell division