1. Blood Groups
Prof. K. Sivapalan

2. Blood groups.
Transfusion reactions indicated different types of blood among individuals.
Surface antigens on red cells are responsible for the differences.
ABO system.
Rh system.
MNSs, Lutheran, Kell, Kidd, ….over 500.
Inheritance and expression differ.
June 2013
Blood grouping

3. ABO system.
H antigen is a oligosaccaride with galactose and fucose at the end. [present in all persons]
N-acetylgalactosamine added to galactose – A antigen.
Galactose added to galactose – B antigen.
A1 – 1,000,000 in one RBC.
A2 – 250,000 in one RBC.
June 2013
Blood grouping

4. ABO groups. Presence of, H and A antigens→ blood group A.
H and B antigens → blood group B.
H, A and B antigens → blood group AB.
H only → blood group O
June 2013
Blood grouping

5. Production of antibodies.
Antigen present at birth is recognized as self [clone deletion]. It is found in salivary glands, pancreas, kidney, liver, lungs, testes and semen.
Therefore, no antibodies for H antigen.
If A antigen is absent, anti A is produced after exposure.
If B antigen is absent, anti B is produced after exposure.
A and B antigens are seen in bacteria that colonize colon and lead to production of anti bodies for absent antigens in the blood.
The antibody is IgM.
June 2013
Blood grouping

6. Genetics of ABO. Genes are Mendalian allelomorphs. Phenotype: O A B AB
Genotype: OO AA AO BB BO AB
Incidence: O – 60 %, B – 20%, A – 15%,
AB – 5%.
Medico legal: exclude father.
June 2013
Blood grouping

7. Blood grouping. Take one drop of antiserum.
Add one drop of red cell suspension.
Mix gently.
Agglutination indicates the group.
[agglutinogens and agglutinins]
June 2013
Blood grouping

8. Rh group. Studied first in Rhesus Monkey.
Has not been identified in tissues other than red cells.
C, D, E and other antigens are identified but D is the most antigenic.
If red cells agglutinate with anti D, the blood is Rh positive otherwise negative.
Rh –ive person will produce anti D only when exposed to Rh +ive red cells.
The antibody is IgG type.
About 85 % of the population is Rh +ive.
June 2013
Blood grouping

9. Rh group and pregnancy.
Rh –ive person will produce anti Rh after exposure to D antigen.
Foetal blood can enter maternal blood at separation of placenta.
If mother is Rh –ive and the baby is Rh +ive, mother can start producing anti D.
Anti D, IgG, can cross placenta. It will react with foetal RBC.
Rh –ive mothers should be given anti D injection immediately after partus of each Rh +ive baby.
June 2013
Blood grouping

10. Blood transfusion.
Blood is transfused to patients in acute loss of blood – hemorrhage.
Packed cells are transfused in severe anemia.
Fresh blood is given to replace deficient clotting factors [ now purified products available].
Incompatibility will cause antigen – antibody reaction.
Main problem is red cell antigens [blood groups] but other materials in donated blood also can cause reactions.
June 2013
Blood grouping

11. Precautions for transfusion.
Grouping for ABO and Rh groups.
Direct testing of donor and recipient blood.
Donor RBC + receiver serum.
Donor serum + receiver RBC.
Main problem is the antibody in the recipient blood destroying donated RBC.
In large amounts, donor antibodies can react with receiver RBC.
Never give Rh +ive to –ive.
Screen for infections- AIDS, Hepatitis, Malaria, Typhoid etc.
Autologous transfusion
June 2013
Blood grouping

12. Blood bank. Storage of blood: Precautions on collection of blood.
4˚C for 21 – 35 days. [citrate and dextrose]
Deep freezer for 6 – 12 months.
Loss of granulocytes and platelets.
Precautions on collection of blood.
Sp. Gravity- avoiod anaemic blood.
Screen for infections- AIDS, Malaria, Hepatitis, etc.
Autologus transfusion. [safest].
June 2013
Blood grouping

13. Transfusion reactions.
Haemolysis – incompatibility.
Haemoglobinurea, renal failure.
Dyspnoea, chest pain, chills, fever, renal insufficiency, death.
Acute hyper volumic effects.
Acute Cardiac failure, hypertension.
Reaction to white cells, platelets, plasma proteins.
Pyrogenic reactions.
Hypocalcaemia.
Hyperkaelaemia.
June 2013
Blood grouping

14. HLA Antigens
Six of these antigens are present on the tissue cell membranes of each person
There are about 150 different HLA antigens to choose from.
Therefore, this represents more than a trillion possible combinations.
Tissue typing for these antigens is done on the membranes of lymphocytes
Some of the HLA antigens are not severely antigenic so, a precise match of some antigens is not always essential to allow allograft acceptance.
June 2013
Blood grouping

15. Tissue Transplantation
When organs are damaged by disease, transplants are attempted.
Transplanted tissue may be attacked by antibodies produced against antigens in the transplant.
It does not occur when it is autograft or isograft (identical twin)
Tissues from others will have antigens against which antibodies can be produced in 1-1 day to 5 weeks after transplantation unless Specific therapy is used to prevent the immune reactions.
With proper “matching” of tissues many kidney allografts have been successful for at least 5 to 15 years.
June 2013
Blood grouping

16. Prevention of Graft Rejection
Glucocorticoid hormones
Drugs that have toxic effect on the lymphoid system
Cyclosporine, which has a specific inhibitory effect on the formation of helper T cells
Danger: bacterial and viral infections can become rampant
June 2013
Blood grouping