2. at the end of the lesson u should be able to: understand meaning of exchange rate (ER) meaning of Nominal ER meaning and formula of Effective ER meaning of Trade Weighted ER calculate Trade Weighted ER meaning of Real ER identify items that create a demand for a currency identify items that create a supply for a currency

3. Exchange Rate Price of one currency in terms of another The rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another e.g. £1 = $2.00 £1 = 1.50

4. £ ££

5. Nominal exchange rate ER of £1 =RM5.80 means need RM5.80 to buy £1 are quoted in national newspapers Since one currency is expressed against another, nominal ERs are bilateral rates. /$ £/$ ¥/$

6. measures the value of a currency against a basket/group of currencies multilateral rate Trade Weighted Exchange Rate is used in index form the weight accorded to each currency depends on the proportion of trade done with the country. the larger the size of the trade, the larger the weightage. Effective Exchange Rate

7. The weights of the currencies of various countries in the sterling exchange rate index

8. Trade Weighted Index (TWI) UKs trade with US – 70% trade with France – 30% If £ 10% against USD £ 20% against % = (-10% x 0.7) + (-20% x 0.3) = - 7% - 6% = - 13% TWI = 100 - 13 = 87

9. Sterling exchange rates: 1980–2003

10. Real Effective ER Real ER takes price changes into account = effective ER X Domestic Price level Foreign Price level

13. DD & SS of Currencies Exchange rates are determined by the demand for and the supply of currencies on the foreign exchange market (forex) The demand and supply of currencies is in turn determined by: –International Trade in G & S –Investments –Speculation

14. The Flow of Currencies: Whisky sold to Italian hotel changed to £ dd for £ ss of Export earnings for UK (Credit on Balance of Payments) Map courtesy of http://www.theodora.com

15. The Flow of Currencies: Oil Oil from Russia £ changed into Roubles dd for roubles ss of £ Export earnings for Russia Import expenditure for the UK (Debit on balance of payments) Map courtesy of http://www.theodora.com

16. X creates __ for the currency & M creates __ of the currency. e.g. DD by Italians for Britishs whisky creates a ___ for £ and a ___ of DD by Britons for Russian oil creates a ___ for roubles and a __ of __ 1) Trade in goods n services

17. Inward investment to an economy creates a ___ for its currency. Outward investment from an economy creates a ___ of its currency. British Telecom investing in M'sia creates a dd for __ and a ss of __ YTL Malaysia investing in UK create a dd for __ and a ss of __. 2) Investments

18. If expect ER to, will buy the currency creating __ for the currency If expect ER to, will ___ the currency creating __ of the currency 3) Speculation