1. WELCOME TO Chapter 3: Intermediate term debt financing

2. Intermediate term debt financing
ITD financing resembles short-term financing as it is self-liquidating in nature.
It can also satisfy more permanent fund requirements - can serve as an interim substitute for long-term financing.
If a firm wishes to float long-term debt or common stock, market conditions may not be favorable.
It gives the firm flexibility in timing of long term financing.
It can provide flexibility when the firm is uncertain about the nature & size of its future funds requirement.
As uncertainty is resolved, intermediate term debt financing can be replaced by a more appropriate means of financing.

3. Forms of Intermediate Term Debt Financing
1. Bank term loans
2. Insurance company term loans
3. Revolving credit agreement
4. Equipment financing
5. Lease financing

4. 1. Bank term loans
An ordinary term loan is a business loan with a maturity of more than 1 year, repayable according to some specified schedule.
Repayable in periodic installments - half-yearly, quarterly etc.
Most bank term loans have a maturity period of 3-7 years.
These loans can be renewed but the bank will evaluate a fresh.
Interest rate is higher than that of short-term loans.
Interest rate may be a fixed, variable or ceiling rate.
Commitment fees
Compensating balance requirement

5. 2. Insurance company term loans
Insurance companies & similar other institutional lenders also extend term loans.
Their protective covenants are similar to banks except for maturity period & interest rate.
Life insurance companies provide loans for more than 10 years.
Interest rate is higher because they do not have opportunity to do business with the client, & demand compensating balance requirement.
To the insurance companies, loans represent investment & must yield greater than cost.
Prepayment penalty.
Sometimes banks & insurance companies participate in the same loan: bank taking early maturities & insurance companies taking late maturities.
Serves both, mid-term & long term loans.

6. 3. Revolving credit agreement
It is a formal commitment by a bank to lend up to a certain amount of money.
If agreement is made for more than a year, it comes under intermediate term financing.
Interest rate is higher than that of short-term loans.
The borrower is required to pay commitment fee on unused funds.
If agreement is made for $5m & $2m is the total borrowing, then commitment fee to be 0.5 percent would be $15,000.
Useful when the firm is uncertain about funds requirement.

7. 4. Equipment financing
If the firm has equipment, the same can be pledged as collateral & loan can be obtained.
As with other secured loans, the lender will determine how much to lend against collateral.
Repayment schedule is important.
Margin of safety: Lender makes sure that market value of equipment is more than loan amount.
Important factors are: quality of equipment (marketability), life, & risk or market price stability.
Sources of eqpt financing: Com. Banks, finance companies & seller of equipment.
5. Lease financing

8. Protective covenants of loan agreement
Lender provides loan for an extended period of time.
Much can happen to the financial position of the company during the period. Lender has a cause to worry.
Lender wants firm to maintain that fin. position which was there at the time of borrowing.
How to safeguard the loan?
No one single provision is enough. Loan agreement contains different provisions:
1. General provisions
2. Routine provisions, &
3. Special provisions.

9. 1. General provisions
a) Working capital requirement:
Force the company to preserve its current position.
Generally straight rupee amount (NWC) is specified.
May specify in terms of current ratio, and/or quick ratio too.
b) Cash dividend & repurchase of stock
Limit cash going outside.
Limited to a certain percentage of net profits.
c) Capital expenditure limitation
A fixed rupee amount or a certain % of dep.
d) Limitation on other indebtness
Prohibiting a company from incurring any other debt with no prior claim on the borrower's assets.

10. 2) Routine provisions
Borrower to furnish financial statements.
Must not sell significant portion of its assets.
Must not pledge or mortgage assets.
Must not discount or sell receivables.
Must not enter into leasing.
Must not enter into merger & acquisitions.
3) Special provisions
Provide a total protection to the loan.
Contains a definite understanding regarding the use of the loan.
Limitation on investments.
Carry life insurance on key personnel.
Management clause: Must employ key executives if so required.
Limit aggregate executive salaries & bonuses.

11. Advantages & Disadvantages of Intermediate term financing:
1. Borrower avoids danger of non-renewal of loan.
2. Borrower avoids Securities Exchange Center’s registration & investment bankers’ costs.
3. Shorter lead time.
4. Easy to negotiate as only one lender is involved.
5. Beneficial for smaller companies as they do not have access to capital markets.
6. Market conditions need not be favorable.

12. Disadvantages:
1. Higher interest rate.
2. Cash drain is large & continuous.
3. High credit standard.
4. Restrictive provisions.
5. High cost of investigation.

13. Lease Financing
A lease is a contract whereby the owner of an asset (the lessor) grants another party (the lessee) the exclusive right to make use of the asset, usually for an agreed period of time, in return for the payment of rent.
Recent decades have shown an enormous growth in leasing of business assets.
Financial lease – a noncancellable usually multiyear contract in which a lessee agrees to make a series of payments to a lessor for the use of an asset.
Lessee acquires almost all the economic values of the asset.

14. At the end of the lease term, the lessor is entitled to any residual value it might have.
Lease payments may be made on periodic basis such as monthly, quarterly, or annual basis.
In a financial lease, the obligations of the lessor & the lessee are specified in the lease contract.
1.The basic lease period during which the lease is noncancellable.
2. The timing & amounts of periodic rental payments during the basic lease period.
3. Any option to renew the lease or to purchase the asset at the end of the basic lease period.
4. Provision for payment of the costs of maintenance & repairs, taxes, insurance, & other expenses.

15. Forms of lease financing
1.Sale and lease back:
Here the firm first sells the asset & then takes back the same asset on lease.
Seller receives the price in cash but gives up title to the asset.
Seller exploits almost all the economic values of the asset.
Seller agrees to make a series of periodic lease payments to the buyer.
Used by insurance companies, finance companies, & independent leasing companies.

16. 2. Direct leasing:
A firm may lease an asset directly from the manufacturer.
IBM leases computers; Xerox leases copiers.
Major types of lessors: manufacturers, finance companies, banks, independent leasing companies, special-purpose leasing companies etc.
Vendor generally sells the asset to the lessor, who, in turn, leases it to the lessee.
Lessor may achieve economies of scale which it passes them on to the lessee.

17. 3. Leverage leasing:
In contrast to two parties involved in other forms of leasing, there are three parties involved in leverage leasing: (a) the lessee, (2) the lessor, or equity participant, & (3) the lender.
Here the role of lessor is changed greatly. The lessor acquires the asset by contributing equity investment to finance a part of acquisition cost, say 20 percent. The remaining 80 percent is provided by a lender.
As owner of the asset, the lessor is entitled to deduct all depreciation charges associated with the asset as well as as utilize the entire investment tax credit.

18. 4. Operating or service lease:
A short-term lease. Here, the maintenance is included in lease cost.
Equipment may not be fully amortized.
Lease contract is written for less than the expected life of the leased equipment.
It also contains cancellation clause.
5. Financial lease:
This is a long-term lease on fixed assets that may not be cancelled by either party.
It does not provide for maintenance services.
It is non-cancellable and fully amortized.
The sum of all lease payments is greater than original cost of the asset. The difference represents profit to the lessor.

19. Accounting treatment of leases
The accounting treatment of leases has undergone sweeping changes over the past two decades or so.
Where once leases were not disclosed, disclosure was gradually required in the form of footnotes to the financial statement.
With only minimal disclosure, leasing was attractive to certain firms as an ‘off balance sheet’ method of financing.
Capital lease: If the lessee acquires almost all the economic benefits & risk of the leased property, then the value of the asset along with the corresponding lease liability must be shown in the balance sheet.

20. Capital leases
A lease is a capital lease if it meets any one of the following conditions:
1. Lease transfers title to the asset to the lessee by the end of the lease period.
2. Lease contains an option to purchase the asset.
3. Lease period is equal to, or greater than, 75 percent of the estimated economic life of the asset.
4. At the beginning of the lease, PV of the minimum lease payments equals or exceeds 90 percent of the fair value of the leased property to the lessor.
If any of these conditions is met, the lessee is said to have acquired most of the economic benefits.

21. With a capital lease, the lessee must report the value of the leased property on the asset side of the balance sheet.
The amount reflected is the present value of the minimum lease payments over the lease period.
The associated lease obligation would be shown on the liability side of the balance sheet.
The PV of lease payments due within one year is being reflected as current liabilities.
The present value of lease payments due after one year being shown as non-current liabilities.

22. Obligations under capital leases $90,000 Non-Current:
Assets
Gross fixed assets* $3,000,000
Less accum. dep. & amtz. $1,000,000
Net fixed assets $2,000,000
______________________
*Gross fixed assets include leased property of $500,000.
Accumulated dep. & amtz. includes $140,000 in amortization associated with such property.
Liabilities
Current:
Obligations under capital leases $90,000
Non-Current:
Obligations under capital leases $270,000
$360,000

23. Lease versus purchase decisions
Framework for analyzing leasing vs. purchase decisions.
Assume a financial lease- fully amortized,& non-cancellable.
First screening test in the selection of project is whether the project passes through hurdle rate.
Once the project passes through hurdle rate, next question is whether leasing or owning is to be preferred.
Lessor’s viewpoint: Lease rental charge, Lt?
Io: cost of the asset = $20,000.
N: economic life of asset = 5 years.
Dep: annual straight line depreciation
Kb: before tax cost of debt = 10%, Kd=?
T: Lessor’s corporate tax rate = 40%
NPV LOR = NPV to the lessor.

24. NPVLOR = -Io +Σ Lt(1-T) + T.Dept
t= (1+k)t
NPVLOR=- Io+PVIFA(6%,5 yrs.)[Lt(1-T) +T.Dept]
NPVLOR=- Io+PVIFA(6%,5 yrs.)Lt(1-T) + PVIFA(6%,5 yrs.)T.Dept
Set NPVLOR = 0.
0=-20,000 + (4.2124)Lt(1-0.4) + (4.2124) 0.4(4000)
Lt= $5246
Lessee’s viewpoint:
Cost of owning = Io- PVIFA(6%,5yrs.)T.Dept
=$20, (.4)$4000 = 20, ,740=13,260.
Cost of leasing = PVIFA(6%,5 yrs.)Lt(1-T)
= ($5246)0.6 =13,260.

25. NPV (Lease) or Net Advantage to Leasing (NAL)
= Cost of owning - cost of leasing.
NPVLeaseOR NAL:
= Io-PVIFA(6%,5yrs.)T.Dept-PVIFA(6%,5yrs.)Lt(1-T)
=20, (0.4)(4000) (5246)(1-0.4)
=20, = 0
Decision rule: If positive, leasing is preferred.
If negative, owning is preferred.
Alternative computation procedure
Prepare repayment schedule.
PV of Annuity
Annual payment =
PVIFA(10%,5 yrs)
= $20,000/ = $5,276.

26. Repayment schedule Year P+Int. Int. Prin. Bal Prin 1. 5,276. 2,000
Repayment schedule Year P+Int Int. Prin. Bal Prin 1 5,276 2, , , ,276 1, , , ,276 1, , , , , , , , Total 26,380 6, ,000 Cost of owning Yr P+I Int. Dep. Tax shld CF PVIF(6%) PV of costs 1 5, ,000 4, ,400 2, , , ,672 4, ,269 3, , , ,312 4, ,125 3, , , , ,966 3, , , , ,792 3, ,603 Σ 26, ,380 20,000 10, , ,260 Note: Tax shield = (Int + Dep)T, CF = (P+I) - Tax shield.

27. Cost of leasing Yr. Lt. CF. PVIF(6%) PV of Costs 1. 5,246. 3,147. 6
Cost of leasing Yr Lt CF PVIF(6%) PV of Costs 1 5,246 3, , ,246 3, , ,246 3, , ,246 3, , ,246 3, ,352 Total 26,230 15,738 4, ,260 Or PVIFA(6%,5 yrs.)Lt(1-T) = ($5246)0.6 =13,260. Note: CF = Lt (1-T) If operating lease, WACC should be used instead of after cost of debt.

28. Factors affecting lease versus purchase decisions
1. Differences in cost of capital
2. Financing cost higher in leasing
3. Differences in maintenance cost
4. Residual value
5. Obsolescence costs
6. Increased credit availability
7. Differences in tax rates

29. Internal rate of return method
IRR can be used to make lease versus purchase decision.
Managers prefer IRR as it is convenient to work with.
Decision rule:
IRR > Kd: Choose owning.
IRR < Kd: Choose leasing.
n-1 Lt n [Lt-1 - Dept]T RV(1-T)
Io - Lt - ITC - Σ Σ =0
t=1 (1+r)t t= (1+r)t (1+r)n
Lost benefit
Lost benefit
Leasing vs owning differential
Saved
Outflow
Advance
(Outflow)

30. MACRS depreciation: Same as before
Cost of the asset,$
148,000 Kb
0.12
Life
7 years
5 year property class
Tax
0.40
Residual value, $
30000
Kd =
0.072
MACRS depreciation: Same as before
Lt = $
25,000 in advance
IRR= ?

31. IRR = LR + ------------------------------- (Diff. in rates)
PV of LR - Investment
IRR = LR (Diff. in rates)
PV of LR - PV of HR
LR= Lower rate, HR= Higher rate, PV=Present value
125, ,000
IRR = (8% - 7%) = , ,039
IRR= 7.74%.
IRR > Kd. Choose owning.
_____________________________________
Can we find approximate try rate?
148, ,000
PVIFAr,6yrs= =4.72 (Try 7% & 8%) 25,000

32. Suppose now that Investment tax credit for $10,000 is also available
Suppose now that Investment tax credit for $10,000 is also available. IRR?
By interpolation, IRR =
IRR > Kd, choose owning. Try rate?
148, , ,000
PVIFAr,6yrs= =4.32 (Try 10% & 11%) ,000

33. Solve problems Thanking you
Chapter 3: Intermediate Term Financing
Study self-test & other questions.
Self-test Problems: SP 1, 2, & 3.
Also SP10&11 (Solve for IRR only).
Problems: P6.
Home assignment: P5 (Page 111). PVIF at 9.24% are , , & thru years 1 to 3.
Quiz
Thanking you