1. ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO ESTIMATE COST OF CAPITAL
I think you should be more explicit here in step two...

2. Cost of Equity in Emerging Markets
General Model
where Rf denotes risk-free rate, MRP the world market risk premium,
SR specific risk of the investment, and A some additional adjustment.
Four Different Models
two inputs (Rf and MRP) on the basis of worldwide markets are shared by all four models
two other inputs SR and A differ across the models
The Lessard Approach
The Godfrey-Espinosa Approach
The Goldman Sachs Approach
The SalomonSmithBarney Approach 2

3. Cost of Equity in Emerging Markets
The Lessard Approach
measures specific risk (SR) as the product of a project beta (βp) and a country beta (βc):
where βp and βc capture the risk of industry and country, respectively.
cost of equity when investing in industry p and country c is:
βp (βc) is estimated as the beta of the industry (country) with respect to the world market, and no further adjustment ( A is assumed to be zero) SR 3

4. Cost of Equity in Emerging Markets
The Godfrey-Espinosa Approach
Two adjustments with respect to CAPM:
Adjusting Rf by the yield spread of a country relative to the U.S. (YSc)
A = YSc
Measuring risk as 60% of the volatility of local market relative to world market (σc/σw)
SR = (0.60)·(σc/σW)
where σc and σw are the standard deviation of returns of stock market
of country c and world, respectively.
cost of equity when investing in industry p and country c is:
this model ignores the specific nature of the project, but all that matters is the country in which the foreign company invests 4

5. Cost of Equity in Emerging Markets
The Goldman Sachs Approach
one adjustments with respect to Godfrey-Espinosa Approach :
replacing 0.60 by one minus the observed correlation between the stock market and bond market of the country c.
SR = (1–SB)·(σc/σW)
where SB is the correlation between stock and bond markets.
cost of equity when investing in country c is:
intuition of the model
SB = 0  no correlation, two sources of risk (stock and bond)
SB = 1  YSc captures all relevant risk
0<SB<1  the model incorporates both risk from bond and stock markets, but not double counting sources of risk 5

6. Cost of Equity in Emerging Markets
The SalomonSmithBarney Approach
account for the risk of investing in Specific Industry and/or Country
adjustments with respect to previous models :
Political risk (1: between 0 and 10)
Risk of accessing capital markets (2: between 0 and 10)
Financial importance of the project (3: between 0 and 10)
A = { (1+ 2+ 3) / 30}·YSc
intuition of the model
1 is a rough estimate of the likelihood of expropriation (e.g., oil industry)
2 is low for large firms and high for small undiversified firms
3 is low for large firms investing in relatively small projects and high for small firms investing in relatively large projects 6

7. Cost of Equity in Emerging Markets
The SalomonSmithBarney Approach – continued
intuition of the model
worst scenario A = YSc; the best case A = 0
For example, a large international firm investing a small proportion of its capital in an industry unlikely to be expropriated (A = 0)
A small undiversified company investing a large proportion of its capital in an industry likely to be expropriated would have to incorporate a full adjustment for political risk (A = YSc)
quantify SR (specific risk) with the project beta, then the cost of equity when investing in industry p and country c is:
this model, different from three previous ones, can allow discount rate to depend on not only specific project but also the company 7