1. Respiration
Chapter 6

2. Cellular Respiration - Basics
releases energy from glucose
released energy is chemical energy
occurs in cell
cytoplasm
mitochondria
works better with oxygen (aerobic) than without oxygen (anaerobic)

3. Cellular Respiration - Process
carbon dioxide
glucose +
oxygen +
water +
energy
CO2
C6H12O6
H2O O2
ATP +

5. Aerobic Respiration aerobic = with oxygen
C6H12O6 + O > CO2 + H2O + ATP
Three process occur in aerobic respiration
1. Glycolysis
glucose
2 pyruvic acid
PEP C C C
occurs in the cytoplasm
oxygen is not required
electron acceptor is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD --> NADH

7. Aerobic Respiration cont’d
2. Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) C C C
CO2
acetyl-coenzymeA
(2C)
(in mitochondron)
pyruvic acid
(3C)
(in cytoplasm)
Krebs Cycle C
CO2
occurs in:
mitochondria
electron acceptors are NAD and FADH2
FADH2
ATP
CO2 C
NADH

8. Kreb’s Cycle

9. Aerobic Respiration cont’d
3. Electron transport
electrons transferred from NADH, FADH2 to oxygen and water is formed
oxidative phosphorylation
ATP synthase complex
protons pumped across membrane
occurs in mitochondria
conversion equivalents:
NADH = 3 ATP
FADH2 = 2 ATP

11. Aerobic Respiration cont’d
Energy from aerobic respiration
Glycolysis
net gain of 6 ATP
pyruvic acid --> acetyl-CoA
2 NADH = 6 ATP
Krebs Cycle
2 ATP
Electron Transport
6 NADH = 18 ATP
2 FADH2 = 4 ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
Total = 36 ATP / glucose
39% of energy available
61% of energy is lost as heat

12. Anaerobic Respiration
(without oxygen)
1. ethanol fermentation
glucose ---> pyruvic acid ---> ethyl alcohol + CO2 + ATP
C6H12O > 2C2H5OH + 2CO ATP
25% of energy of aerobic respiration
occurs in some plants and microorganisms including yeasts

13. Alcohol Fermentation
Ancient Eqyptian wall painting: historical record of wine-making
~ 5000 yrs ago, perhaps earlier
Grapes were picked, crushed by foot, juice collected in jugs, then fermented producing wine.

14. Anaerobic Respiration cont’d
2. lactic acid fermentation
glucose ---> pyruvic acid ---> lactic acid + ATP
C6H12O > 2C3H6O ATP
22% of energy of aerobic respiration
mammalian muscle and some microorganisms

16. Organic Macromolecules
four groups
Carbohydrates
built from monosaccharides
Protein
built from amino acids
Lipids
built from glycerol & fatty acids
Nucleic acids
built from nucleotides

17. Carbohydrates
monosaccharides
polysaccharide
disaccharides

18. Lipids

19. Protein

20. Biochemical Pathways note catabolic and anabolic pathways
note production and use of:
proteins
lipids
besides carbohydrates

23. What is the connection between respiration and photosynthesis?

24. A review: Carbon flow: from atmosphere
through photosynthesis in autotrophs
through cellular respiration in autotrophs and heterotrophs
back into atmosphere

25. Carbon Cycle
Carbon atom movement. Numbers are estimates of carbon expressed in billions of metric tons stored in reservoirs (2000 data)
CARBON + OXYGEN -> CO2 + heat
Carbon released by respiration and combustion now exceeds the amount fixed by photosynthesis, by 3 billion metric tons/year.

26. Major reservoirs of the carbon cycle

27. Production of CO2 fossil fuels produces 70% of CO2 emmisions
U.S. 24%
EU 15%
China 15%
Russia 6%
India 5%
Japan 5%
per capita CO2 emmissions (tons/capita)
U.S. 5.4
EU 2.6
China 0.8
Russia 2.9
India 0.3
Japan 2.5

28. http://upload. wikimedia

29. http://upload. wikimedia

30. Global Response to global warming
Kyoto Protocol
protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases that cause climate change
agreed on 11 December 1997 at the 3rd Conference of the Parties to the treaty when they met in Kyoto, and entered into force on 16 February 2005.
Participation in the Kyoto Protocol, as of December 2011,
Brown = Countries that have signed and ratified the treaty
              (Annex I & II countries in dark brown)
Blue = No intention to ratify at this stage
Dark blue = Canada, which withdrew from the Protocol in December 2011
Grey = no position taken or position unknown
United States although a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, has neither ratified nor withdrawn from the Protocol
both Clinton and Bush administrations have refused obtain senate ratification
reasons:
top emitters excluded (China, India)
cause U.S. economic strain to meet requirements

31. Correlation Between Historic CO2 Levels and Historic Temperatures: Ice core data
Most important, we can look at isotopes of oxygen. In cold years, water molecules with slightly-lighter oxygen atoms evaporate more easily than water slightly-heavier isotopes. Consequently, by looking at the proportions of
heavier and lighter oxygen atoms (isotopes), climatologists can reconstruct temperatures over time, and map temperature changes against CO2 concentrations and other atmospheric components.
The first very long The longest ice record was from the ever collected is the Vostok ice core , which reached
3,100 m into the Antarctic ice, and gives us a record of both global temperatures and atmospheric CO2 over the past 420,000 years (fig. 9.8). A team of Russian scientists worked for 37 years at the Vostok a site, about 1,000 km from the South Pole to extract this ice core. A similar core , nearly as long as the Vostok, has been drilled from the Greenland ice sheet. More recently the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) has produced a record reaching back over 800,000 years.
Other glaciers throughout the world have also now been cored. All these cores show that climate has varied
dramatically over time, but that there is a close correlation between atmospheric temperatures and CO2 concentrations. 31 31

32. http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
Air samples at Mauna Loa, Hawaii are collected continuously from air intakes at the top of four 7-m towers and one 27-m tower. Four air samples are collected each hour for the purpose of determining the CO2 concentration
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

33. Global Temperature Change

34. How well does CO2 predict global temperature?

35. What Causes Natural Climatic Swings?
Modest climate changes correspond to an 11-year cycle in the Sun’s intensity
Milankovitch Cycles are caused by changes in the Earth’s orbit (100,000 yr), rotation (40,000 yr) and the wobble of its axis (26,000 yr)
Ice core records also show that there have been repeated climate changes over time. What causes these periodic (repeated) changes? Modest changes correspond to an 11-year cycle in the sun's intensity. About every 11 years there is a peak in incoming solar energy. More dramatic changes are associated with periodic shifts in the earth’s orbit and tilt (fig. 9.9). These are known as the Milankovitch cycles, after the Serbian scientist Milutin Milankovitch, who first described them in the 1920s. There are three of these cycles: (1) The earth’s elliptical orbit stretches and shortens in a 100,000- year cycle. (2) , while the earth's axis of rotation changes its angle of tilt in a 40,000- year cycle. (3) Furthermore, over a 26,000-year period, the axis wobbles like an out- of-balance spinning top.
9-35 35

36. temperature/precipitation changes from the 20th Century
The impacts of global change are not likely to be distributed evenly throughout the world. For instance, the following graph of the world shows that estimates of temperature and precipitation changes very in different parts of the world.

37. Possible Implications of and Debate Surrounding Global Warming
More heat waves
More extreme storm activity
Changes in rainfall, snowfall patterns
Ecosystem effects
Higher sea levels
More disease
Winners: Siberia, Scandinavia
Losers: most of U.S. (particularly SE; Washington may be nicer), island states
The potential impacts of global warming are numerous, and it is difficult to discount much of anything important. Depending on the location and current weather conditions, future climates could be hotter or cooler, show more or less precipitation, show more extreme storm activity, flooding of coastal areas, and potentially result in the increased spread and incidence of disease. One of the major impacts of climate change could be the migration or extinction of species not adapted to the future climate. In particular, where mountains range from east vs. west instead of north vs. south, extinctions are likely since the species dependent on previous conditions could not move north or south to adjust their environments.

38. Shoreline with 1 m sea-level rise
Fig
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
New Orleans
Shoreline with 1 m sea-level rise
Remaining land
Miami
Current shoreline
100 km
50 km

39. Consequences of Global Warming
uncertainty
why?
testing the predictions
Probable environmental alterations from GW:
changing climate and weather patterns
intensity of weather increased
rising sea levels - 3’ higher all around the world in 100 years
shifting climate zones causing ecosystem devastation and species losses

40. Consequences of CO2 increase
CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas
third most abundant gas in atmosphere
absorbs heat energy reflected by earth
acts as a blanket around earth
produces the greenhouse effect
This is normal, and good!
Excessive greenhouse gas accumulation?
increase GH gas; increase heat absorption
increased heat of earth
Global Warming

41. CO2 in atmosphere key component of nature’s thermostat
If carbon cycle removes too much CO2
If carbon cycle generates too much CO2
earth cools
earth warms

42. 350.org Because the World Needs to Know

43. 1. Cellular Respiration reactions are anabolic?
True
False

44. 2. The ultimate energy molecule produced in cellular respiration is
A. oxygen
B. ATP
C. glucose
D. ethanol

45. 3. The final electron acceptor in cellular respiration is
A. NADP+
B. oxygen
C. ATP
D. glucose

46. 4. Without oxygen, which process in cellular respiration would NOT occur?
glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
electron transport
all of the above

47. 5. Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
inner mitochondrial membrane
chloroplast
thylakoid

48. 6. Where does Kreb’s cycle and electron transport occur?
cytoplasm
mitochondria
chloroplast
thylakoid

49. 7. In cellular respiration all glucose is metabolized into ATP.
True
False

50. organic compound building block(s)
8. Name the four groups of organic compounds and their respective building block(s):
organic compound building block(s) 1. 2. 3. 4.

51. 9. Carbon reservoirs on earth include
atmosphere
ocean
plants
all of the above

52. What is the most abundant atmospheric gas?
nitrogen
oxygen
carbon dioxide
ozone

53. What is the second most abundant atmospheric gas?
nitrogen
oxygen
carbon dioxide
ozone

54. What is the third most abundant atmospheric gas?
nitrogen
oxygen
carbon dioxide
ozone

55. How abundant is CO2 in the atmosphere?
1000ppm
500ppm
390ppm
350ppm