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1 Scrambled or Sunny Side Up? Jack Hoeksema CLCG U of Groningen
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2 Scrambling of definites Scrambling Je hoeft je bord niet leeg t te eten You have your plate not empty to eat “You don’t have to finish your plate’ Or not: Je hoeft niet je bord leeg te eten
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3 OT conditions (De Hoop 2003) NEW: Anaphoric elements scramble (Anaphoric: prior mention: old before new) STAY: No scrambling SC1 (= Surface Correspondence 1): Definites Scramble
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4 Anttila’s Theory of Variation An output candidate is predicted by the grammar iff it wins in some tableau (given a partial ranking of constraints) If a candidate wins in n tableaux and t is the total number of tableaux, then the candidate’s probability of occurrence is n/t
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5 Anaphoric Definites 3 constraints relevant, so 6 possible orderings when STAY dominates the rest, there is no scrambling, otherwise scrambling is optimal in 2 out of 6 orderings, STAY is dominant So probability of scrambling is 2/3
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6 Nonanaphoric definites NEW is irrelevant so only the interaction of STAY and SC1 matters when STAY > SC1, no scrambling when SC1 > STAY, scrambling hence probability of scrambling for nonanaphoric definites is 1/2
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7 Bidirectional perspective: Case 1, Scrambling Def. NP < ADVNEWSC-1STAY +ANA* -ANA* Hearer perspective: both interpretations are optimal in case of Scrambling
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8 Bidirectional perspective: Case 2, Nonscrambling Adv < Def. NPNEWSC-1STAY +ANA** -ANA* Hearer perspective: in case of nonscrambling, nonanaphoric reading is optimal. Note that the ordering of the constraints is irrelevant
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9 So De Hoop’s production OT predicts for [+anaphoric] definite noun phrases 67% scrambling, 33% nonscrambling Bidirectional OT (using De Hoop’s constraints) would predict 100% scrambling, since nonscrambling would lead to [–anaphoric] readings
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10 Testing the theory: informally collected data FeaturesN%Predicted +def, + anaph, + scr44**9066,6% +def, + anaph, - scr5**1033,3% +def, -anaph, +scr424750% +def, -anaph, -scr485250%
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11 Some specific combinations Ik kan die vent niet uitstaan I can that guy not stand ‘I cannot stand that guy’ *Ik kan niet die vent uitstaan Note: die vent is an epithet, so +def, +anaphoric
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12 Internet data die vent niet uitstaan: 33 occurrences (Google) niet die vent uitstaan: 0 occurrences
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13 other epithets, with de Ik kan de man niet uitstaan I can the man not stand ‘I can’t stand the guy’ *Ik kan niet de man uitstaan
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14 or het Ik kan het mens niet luchten I can the woman not stand ‘I can’t stand the woman’ *Ik kan niet het mens luchten
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15 or with other adverbs Ik heb het mens nog gewaarschuwd I have the woman yet warned ‘I did warn the woman’ *Ik heb nog het mens gewaarschuwd
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16 De/het N niet aankunnen ‘the N not can handle’ Hij kon de druk niet aan. He could the pressure not on ‘He couldn’t handle the pressure’ Corpus data Def. Object: 37 cases of Scrambling 0 cases of Nonscrambling order
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17 [-anaphoric] You have the right to remain silent –Het recht ‘the right’ –De tijd ‘the time’ –De moed ‘the courage’ –De energie ‘the energy’
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18 Rise of nonscrambling +def, –anaph direct objects of have/give/get (raw numbers) Period+Scrambling-Scrambling < 185012- 1850-1900193 1900-19503915 1950-20003634 2000-20084244
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19 Rise of nonscrambling order among +def, –anaph direct objects of have/give (in %)
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20 Zo veel N “so much N” Ik heb niet zo veel geld I have not so much money ‘I don’t have so much money’ Ik heb zo veel geld niet
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21 Raw numbers ZO VEEL N Period+Scrambling-Scrambling < 185043- 1850-190072 1900-195038 1950-2000313 2000-2008318
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22 Def. Objects versus ZO VEEL N
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23 Conclusions Scrambling of [-ANAPHORIC] definite objects is slowly on its way out Scrambling is highly sensitive to the difference between [+ANAPHORIC] and [-ANAPHORIC] definites Stochastic OT is probably more suitable for describing scrambling than Anttila’s theory of variation
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24 References Helen de Hoop, 2003, ‘Scrambling in Dutch: Optionality and Optimality’, in: Simin Karimi, ed., Word Order and Scrambling, Blackwell. Arto Anttila & Young-mee Cho, 1998, ‘Variation and Change in Optimality Theory.’ Lingua 104:31-56.
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25 Thanks for your attention!
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