1. Assessment of Data Path Implementations for Download and Streaming Pål Halvorsen 1,2, Tom Anders Dalseng 1 and Carsten Griwodz 1,2 1 Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Norway 2 Simula Research Laboratory, Norway International conference on distributed multimedia systems (DMS’05), Banff, Canada, September 2005

2. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Overview Motivation Existing mechanisms in Linux Possible enhancements Summary and Conclusions

3. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Delivery Systems Network bus(es)

4. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 file system communication system application user space kernel space bus(es) Delivery Systems

5. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Pentium 4 Processor registers cache(s) I/O controller hub memory controller hub RDRAM PCI slots network card disk file system communication system application file system communication system application disknetwork card Intel Hub Architecture  several in-memory data movements and context switches

6. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Motivation Data copy operations are expensive  consume CPU, memory, hub, bus and interface resources (proportional to data size)  profiling shows that ~40% of CPU time is consumed by copying data between user and kernel  gap between memory and CPU speeds increase  different access times to different banks System calls makes a lot of switches between user and kernel space

7. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 file system communication system application user space kernel space bus(es) data_pointer Basic Idea of Zero–Copy Data Paths

8. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Motivation Data copy operations are expensive  consume CPU, memory, hub, bus and interface resources (proportional to data size)  profiling shows that ~40% of CPU time is consumed by copying data between user and kernel  gap between memory and CPU speeds increase  different access times to different banks System calls makes a lot of switches between user and kernel space A lot of research has been performed in this area!!!! BUT, what is the status today of commodity operating systems?

9. Existing Linux Data Paths

10. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Content Download file system communication system application user space kernel space bus(es)

11. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Content Download: read / send application kernel page cache socket buffer application buffer read send copy DMA transfer  2n copy operations  2n system calls

12. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Content Download: mmap / send application kernel page cache socket buffer mmap send copy DMA transfer  n copy operations  1 + n system calls

13. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Content Download: sendfile application kernel page cache socket buffer sendfile gather DMA transfer append descriptor DMA transfer  0 copy operations  1 system calls

14. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Content Download: Results UDPTCP Tested transfer of 1 GB file on Linux 2.6 Both UDP (with enhancements) and TCP

15. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Streaming file system communication system application user space kernel space bus(es)

16. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Streaming: read / send application kernel page cache socket buffer application buffer read send copy DMA transfer  2n copy operations  2n system calls

17. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Streaming: read / writev application kernel page cache socket buffer application buffer read writev copy DMA transfer  3n copy operations  2n system calls copy  Previous solution one less copy per packet

18. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Streaming: mmap / send application kernel page cache socket buffer application buffer mmap uncork copy DMA transfer  2n copy operations  1 + 4n system calls copy send cork

19. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Streaming: mmap / writev application kernel page cache socket buffer application buffer mmap writev copy DMA transfer  2n copy operations  1 + n system calls copy  Previous solution three less calls per packet

20. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Streaming: sendfile application kernel page cache socket buffer application buffer DMA transfer  n copy operations  4n system calls gather DMA transfer append descriptor copy uncorksendfilesendcork

21. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Streaming: Results Tested streaming of 1 GB file on Linux 2.6 RTP over UDP TCP sendfile (content download) Compared to not sending an RTP header over UDP, we get an increase of 29% (additional send call) More copy operations and system calls required  potential for improvements

22. Enhanced Streaming Data Paths

23. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Enhanced Streaming: mmap / msend application kernel page cache socket buffer application buffer DMA transfer  n copy operations  1 + 4n system calls gather DMA transfer append descriptor copy msend allows to send data from an mmap ’ed file without copy mmap uncorksend cork msend copy DMA transfer  Previous solution one more copy per packet

24. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Enhanced Streaming: mmap / rtpmsend application kernel page cache socket buffer application buffer DMA transfer  n copy operations  1 + n system calls gather DMA transfer append descriptor copy mmap uncorksend cork rtpmsend RTP header copy integrated into msend system call  previous solution require three more calls per packet

25. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Enhanced Streaming: mmap / krtpmsend application kernel page cache socket buffer application buffer DMA transfer  0 copy operations  1 system call gather DMA transfer append descriptor copy krtpmsend  previous solution require one more call per packet An RTP engine in the kernel adds RTP headers rtpmsend RTP engine  previous solution require one more copy per packet

26. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Enhanced Streaming: rtpsendfile application kernel page cache socket buffer application buffer DMA transfer  n copy operations  n system calls gather DMA transfer append descriptor copy rtpsendfile  existing solution require three more calls per packet uncorksendfilesendcork RTP header copy integrated into sendfile system call

27. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Enhanced Streaming: krtpsendfile application kernel page cache socket buffer application buffer DMA transfer  0 copy operations  1 system call gather DMA transfer append descriptor copy krtpsendfile  previous solution require one more call per packet An RTP engine in the kernel adds RTP headers rtpsendfile RTP engine  previous solution require one more copy per packet

28. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Enhanced Streaming: Results Tested streaming of 1 GB file on Linux 2.6 RTP over UDP TCP sendfile (content download) Existing mechanism (streaming) mmap based mechanisms sendfile based mechanisms ~27% improvement ~25% improvement

29. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Conclusions Current commodity operating systems still pay a high price for streaming services However, small changes in the system call layer might be sufficient to remove most of the overhead Conclusively, commodity operating systems still have potential for improvement with respect to streaming support What can we hope to be supported? Road ahead: optimize the code, make patch and submit to kernel.org

30. 2005 Pål Halvorsen, Tom Anders Dalseng & Carsten Griwodz DMS’ 05, Banff, Canada. September 2005 Questions??