1. Unit: I Design Considerations
Design Considerations - Site Selection, Good Appearance, Efficient Plan, Good workmanship, Suitable materials, Sound Finance, Competent Management
Systematic Layout Planning ( SLP ) –
Guiding factors: Architectural Consideration, 2D/ 3D drawings / Legal Requirements for a design of Hotel / Business requirements. Types of Design configurations.

2. Definitions
“Facility management is a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure functionality of built environment by integrating people, place, process and technology” – IFMA
“The integration of processes within an organisation to maintain and develop the agreed services which support and improve the effectiveness of its primary activities”.

3. Design of Hotel
A hotel project is an investment with a profit motive involving creation of a built up environment.
It refers to a series of activities which aim to bring a viable economic opportunity to a business within the established cost and time framework.
Basic characteristics of a project are
Involves current capital investment
Ensures a yield of benefits in future
Has a specific life span
Calls for a teamwork from various disciplines of management.

4. Before planning an entrepreneur/ a hotelier must possess the ability to identify an ‘investment opportunity’ which can be converted into a viable business proposal.
The entrepreneur can gain knowledge from
Study on Performance of existing units
Projects encouraged by financial institutions
Study on Economic trends and consumption patterns of market
An enquiry into prevailing social and cultural trends
An enquiry into business practices in foreign countries
Investigating locally available resources and materials
Study on developments in technology
Search for unfulfilled needs of the market
Policies of state and plans of the government
Various incentives and govt. schemes, tax exemptions for specific products

5. Design of Hotel is based on thoughts generating from the mind of the Investor for setting up the business.
Investor options
Buying an existing hotel property
Converting private house into a full-fledged hotel
Venturing a new hotel project.
There are some of the basic important rules for a profitable hotel.
ROI on the capital should be comparable to any other comparable investment.
A hotel project is built to produce the expected ROI
Investment should stay with in the development forecasts.
The market is to be dictated by the capital invested.
Scope for future expansion and extension.
installing labour saving devices, equipment and machinery
The pricing policy must be economical

6. Considerations for setting up a Hotel:
Type and size of Hotel
Area / Place for setting up a Hotel
Location for Hotel
Architecture & Appearance
Exteriors and Interiors of Hotel
Standards and Rating of Hotel
Multi - Cuisine Restaurants
Types of Guest & Target Clientele
Management competency
Financial Status & constrains
Part of already established group of Hotels
Specialists in the following areas to help generate idea into a reality.
Architecture & visionary
Financial expert to plan the resources and utilization
Consultant and expert in the field of Hotel Management
Contractors who can bring the ideas to the shape
Experts in Locating the Skilled and Specialist Management group.

7. Hotel Design is a sophisticated discipline involving specialists
Architects
Interior designers
Skilled contractors
Suppliers
Hotel Design may cost 15% of the budget but can impact increased Sales and Turnover up to 70% of the revenue by creating attractive interior and exteriors.
- A marriage between the client needs and the designer vision.
Hotel buildings have a specialist range of functions, the operations of which must not interfere with each other through factors such as noise or the movement of people.
Integration of processes and parts for practical working in an economical way.
The Hotel has to provide a welcoming environment that supports the comfort of the guest, the provision or respite, rest and relaxation from the demands of a noisy and increasingly crowded world.

8. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS :
The planning, designing and construction of hotel is known as “integration”. The design creates a lively atmosphere which set the scene for hotel facilities and services.
The architect and the designer create an ambience through out the hotel premises. It begins with exteriors to interiors. The Personality
Physically and emotionally fit, decision making ability, risk taking, composed, outgoing, Handling stress, positive feeling, family and friend support.
Expertise
technical and commercial skills
trained in a professional hospitality establishment
Knowledge on the commercial characteristics
job experience
management experienced

9. Foundation Idea and Decided Target Group
As a future entrepreneur, one must always be aware to new trends in the market to keep the public interested in your business. Some important aspects that play into the role are:
target group
Suitability of the premises
Services offered
USP of the entrepreneur
competitors and their proximity
strong and weak points of competitor
Areas to focus on for improvement

10. Design Considerations.
Location
Appearance
Efficient Plan
Good workmanship
Suitable materials
Sound Financing systems
Competent Management

11. LOCATION
The location is a mirror that indicates the travel and traffic patterns of the times.
Site selection is a complex job – choosing one with highest number of positive features and fewer defects.
Evolution – Trading routes – Motels – Airports
Key factors are
1. Finance – cost of land, construction costs, development and building costs, cost of FFE’s, R&D costs, maintenance costs.
2. General aspects – relate to accessibility, proximity of commercial hubs.
some aspects are
Accessibility of transport
Existence of present and planned future social centers
Special attractions
Proximity to business hubs and amusement centers

12. Residential or non-residential areas
Level of sound during night
Feasibility of commercial leasing
Access for service deliveries
Class of surrounding property, whether free from industrial buildings
Good subsoil
Possibility of providing garage space and ample parking lots.

13. The following are the Problems of Location
The problem can be solved in the following three stages:
Selection of region – Geographical region / State
Selection of locality- Urban Area/ Rural area/Suburban
Selection of actual site - The size of the firm depends on the decision taken by the entrepreneur and on the attitude in the Government. Large Scale firms are subjected to much more rigorous state regulations than small ones.

14. Factors Affecting the Location
The success of the business depends on the process of organization and planning.   
Primary Factors:
Availability of water resources
Sufficient Vacant Land, with proper Soil for strong foundation.
Nearer to Airport, Bus Stand, Railway Station etc.
Supply of raw materials and suppliers should be available
Nearness to market, Shopping Mall’s , Business Center
Transportation facilities,
Labour supply, Technical, trained Skilled and non skilled
Availability of Electrical Power
Supply of Capital ( Finance )

15. Secondary Factors:
Facilities Ancillary suppliers
Natural factors, Good environment, neat surroundings
Political Factors, Stable Government, good governance history
Government subsidies and facilities,
Historical and religious factors
Initial start and goodwill
Personal factors
Miscellaneous factors

16. ATTRACTIVE APPEARANCE
EXTERIORS
1.Building Design :
Architectural design or Elevation -Ethnical design/ Modern Building Block design. Modular construction, slip forming, Arch design etc.
Color combination
2. Landscape Design -  landscape management to ensure occupants don’t encounter hazards on their properties. 
3. Parking – On-grade/ Above grade/ below grade/ composite.
ATTRACTIVE APPEARANCE
EXTERIORS
INTERIORS

17. Architectural Consideration will include the Site Design and the Design Phase.
Site Design – The Architect is responsible for site planning, analysis of site, its constraints and opportunities. Before firming up design, the Architect must consider:-
Visibility and Accessibility: Consider road access and surrounding street patterns.
Surface Conditions: Analyse terrain, vegetation, existing buildings and roads and environmental constraints.
Sub Surface Condition: Confirm location and underground utilities, height of the water table, bearing capacity of the soil, existence of environmental hazards.
Regulatory restriction: Height restrictions, parking requirements, Highway restrictions etc.
Site Character: Describe qualities of the site such as surrounding uses and views.
Orientation: for Sunlight.
Adaptability: Potential for future development

18. On-grade
Above-grade
Below-Grade

19. INTERIORS Guest Room Plans:
1. The Lobby :
most visible segment
high traffic lobby area
Spacious, attractively furnished
What facilities are usually found in lobby?
2. Rooms and Accommodation
Convenient & well decorated
Décor to be thematic, clean , neat and attractive
Guest Room Plans:
Slab Plan: Double loaded slab or a single loaded slab.
Atrium designs: These are internal corridors overlooking the central space which may be open or sub-divided by mezzanine extensions to increase utilization. Elevators extending through the atrium are invariably transparent. The guest rooms are arranged in a single loaded corridor.
Tower Structure: The rooms are spread over around a central core which enable the guest rooms to be cantilevered, propped or suspended around the sides. The proportion of space taken up in circulation, including corridors on each floor, is high and tower structures are generally used for high rise buildings where the advantages of view justify the higher costs.

20. 3. Restaurants: Design Guidelines.
Maximum ROI
Efficient flow of people and products
Placement of equipment, energy efficient equipment
Safe working space for employees and guests
Sanitation issues to be considered
energy efficient equipment
Type of service

21. 3. PLANNING
It is a science of knowledge based on a certain basic principles of efficient Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Controlling.
All the services should be so designed that it meets various principles of layout and design.
Efficient Plan of a Hotel with reference to the designing of the Hotel and the other equipments in the premises is done in the following manner :
Proper utilization of the Space
Proper location
Proper planning of the Lobby, Front office.
Planning efficiently the space requirement for the movement of Guests and the Staff with in the Hotel Premises
Proper planning of the Parking and Landscape of the hotel
Efficient planning of the Utilities services
Emergency Exit
Swimming pool, Gymnasium, Recreation Area, Banquets etc.
Proper maintenance of all the equipment and energy efficient equipments installed.
Proper and efficient utilization of the skilled and unskilled manpower.

22. Project Scheduling techniques for large and complex projects CPM/PERT.
Inputs of right quality and quantity on a regular and continuous basis essential for continuity of operations.
Materials used for construction
Brick – block of clay used for construction or decorative facing
Arrangement patterns called bonds – long sides are stretchers and short sides are headers
Patterns – checkers, herringbone, basket weave or Flemish bond.
Concrete - widely used construction material.
Adv –strength , economy and durability
Steel – Introduced by Americans for construction , acts as a frame , gives tensile strength, resistant to many elements, easily moulded.
Glass –Steel /wood frame support

23. Hotel plan should also have
Different types of Restaurants to cater to the needs of variety of consumers and clients coming from different parts of the nation as well as international clients.
The type of décor of the restaurants, the cutleries and the equipment used in the restaurant to match the need of type of the restaurant.
Planning of Bar and its services to the clients.
Planning of the Support services departments like, House Keeping, Maintenance, Transport, Medical, Personnel, Finance, Purchase and their equipment and work areas are another very important aspect which needs to be carefully and efficiently set up in a Hotel.
Kitchen is the heart of all the restaurants in a Hotel. Its plan, location, equipments, positioning, for storing and cleaning area need to be planned in such a way it is very near to restaurants and also to the back yards of the hotel.
Provision for passenger / customers lift for reaching to different floors and lift for material movement are very essential and need to be done with an extra care for the passenger’s safety and comfort.

24. 4. SUITABLE MATERIAL TYPES OF MATERIAL
Consumables / Every day requirement like vegetables, milk
2. Consumable / Durables
Like Rice, Wheat Flour , Oils, Fats, Mineral water, Soft drinks, Sugar, etc in food and beverage section
Fuels such as Gas, Diesel, Kerosene etc for Kitchen and utilities department
Cleaning agents for House keeping department
Stationery and Office materials
 3. Durables
Plant and machinery, Kitchen Machinery, Recreational equipment, Office Equipment, Maintenance Equipment

25. OPERTAIONS OF HOTEL MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
The objectives of materials management group are classified into the ‘five rights’ of the goods and services of
Right Quality
Right Quantity
Right time
Right Source
Right Price
The operations of the department revolve around
Planning
Procuring
Stocking
Issuing
Profitability
After ascertaining the actual further activity is divided into the functional groups;
Purchasing
Storing & Issuing
Suppliers
A suppliers contract is important to consider the following:
Duration of contract
Quantities – Min/Max
Payment methods
Compensation for mishaps/delivery issues/ under/over ordered quantities
Delivery options viable for inventory management

26. Flawless, appealing and comfortable. It entails –
5. GOOD WORKMANSHIP
Every art or the work which is performed in hotel calls for an exceptionally good workmanship both in looks and in its performance.
Flawless, appealing and comfortable.
It entails –
selection of appropriate technology
Plant and machinery with reference to size/ capacity of the facilities to be created
Efficient and economical operations

27. 6.SOUND FINANCING FINANCE REQUIREMENTS CAPITAL EXPENSES
FINANCE REQUIREMENTS
CAPITAL EXPENSES
Land & Building
Equipment
Plant and Machinery
Facilities
OPERATIONAL EXPENSES
Wages
Materials
Tools
Consumables
Marketing & sales
Essential elements of project cost
Land and site development
Building and civil works
Plant and machinery
Engineering fee , soft fee for acquisition of technology and licenses
Miscellaneous fixed assets
Preliminary and capital issue expenditures
Provision of contingencies
Margin money for working capital

28. Funding – is to understand what sort of capital is required.
How high are the expenses of private lifestyle?
How expensive are the prices of what you will need to open?
What is the cost for renovations?
How much is the deposit?
How much is the first order of stock and supplies?
How much are the base expenses?
How much are the operating cost and the cost for the Grand Opening advertisements?
What are the running costs of the Hotel?

29. The setting of a overall profit target
Finaicial policy
The setting of a overall profit target
Determination of departmental profit targets.
Thus, a financial policy must specify:
The policy of the hotel with regard to capital and profitability.
Requirement of fixed and working capital.
Obtain the financial requirements
Profit should be aimed at on the capital
Profit should be got from sales
Gross profit should be gained
Margin of profits should be given to different section of sales
Should the hotel impose? Minimum Charges/Cover Charges Service Charges etc.
What volume of sales should the hotel achieve to secure the desired net profit?

30. 7. COMPETENT MANAGEMENT
Management is the co-ordination of all resources through the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling, in order to meet the desired objectives. These objectives are to be clearly determined, understood and the stated prior to initiating the management process.
Competent management involves
Organizing various departments
Staff management
Financial interpretations and control
Marketing and sales promotions and
Personal contacts with and knowledge of clients
Management is that group of persons who get their authority and responsibility from ownership and who uses these, along with other resources of the enterprise.

31. International Banking Transaction Center for Exchange of Currency
Above all form, attraction to the customers who visit the hotel with an intention to spend their off time after a hard days workout or touring.
Every customer’s attraction is the staff of the hotel who come across in dealing the with the needs of the customers. Their warm greetings, the smile on the face, the uniform which they wear, the welcome accorded to the clients are much more attractive than the materialistic things of the building and the set up. These carry a long lasting impression on the client about the Hotel.
It should be noted for every entrepreneur , that the appearance of the hotel, its equipment and the people representing hotel carry the long lasting impression, which brings more and more business in it long run.