1. Conductors Metallic conductors 1.Involve flow of electrons 2.No change in composition 3.No transfer of matter 4. Electrolytic conductors 1.Involve movement of ions 2.Chemical reactions occur 3.Mass transfer occurs 4.Conductance increases as temp raises. 12/1/2021 10:51 PMDept. of Chemistry, CNMS, UDOM.1

2. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes Electrolytes 1.Conduct electricity in aq. Solution. 2.e.g: aq. NaCl etc. (supply more examples) Non-electrolytes 1.Do not conduct electricity in any form. 2.e.g: aq.glucose etc. (supply more examples) **why are glucose and urea soluble in water? 12/1/2021 10:51 PMDept. of Chemistry, CNMS, UDOM.2

3. Polar compounds (supplementary knowledge) polarity Definition Formula Units examples Mention some polar molecules 12/1/2021 10:51 PMDept. of Chemistry, CNMS, UDOM.3

4. Arrhenius theory of electrolytes postulates (1859-1927) 1.Electrolytic dissociation: All electrolytes are spontaneously dissociated in water. 2.Formation of ions: Upon dissociation, they form ions. AB → A + + B - 3. Dynamic equilibrium: it’s a reversible process AB ↔ A + + B - 12/1/2021 10:51 PMDept. of Chemistry, CNMS, UDOM.4

5. Arrhenius theory continues……. 4.charge of all cations = charge of all anions. 5.Ions move towards opposite electrodes under applied potential Cations move towards… Cathode Anions move towards…. Anode 12/1/2021 10:51 PMDept. of Chemistry, CNMS, UDOM.5

6. Ions move in the opposite direction under applied potential 12/1/2021 10:51 PMDept. of Chemistry, CNMS, UDOM.6

7. Arrhenius theory continues……. 12/1/2021 10:51 PMDept. of Chemistry, CNMS, UDOM.7

8. Degree of dissociation upon dilution 12/1/2021 10:51 PMDept. of Chemistry, CNMS, UDOM.8 α dilution Strong electrolytes Weak electrolytes

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