1. The history of the development of computer systems The history of computer development s often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each of the five generation of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computer operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable computing device. Read about each generation and the developments that led to the current devices that we use today.

2. THE ABACUS  Abacus is known to be the first mechanical calculating device. Which was used to be performed addition and subtraction easily and speedily? This device was a first develop Ed by the Egyptians in the 10th centaury B.C, but it was given it final shape in the 12th centaury A.D. by the Chinese educationists. Abacus is made up of wooden frame in which rod where fitted across with rounds beads sliding on the rod. It id dividing into two parts called ‘Heaven’ and ‘Earth’. Heaven was the upper part and Earth was the lower one. Thus any no. can be represented by placing the beads at proper place.

3. NAPIER’S BONES  As the necessity demanded, scientist started inventing better calculating device. In thus process John Napier’s of Scotland invented a calculating device, in the year 1617 called the Napier Bones. In the device, Napier’s used the bone rods of the counting purpose where some no. is printed on these rods. These rods that one can do addition, subtraction, multiplication and division easily.

4. PASCAL’S CALCULATOR  In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French scientist invented an adding machine called Pascal’s calculator, which represents the position of digit with the help of gears in it.

5. LEIBNZ CALCULATOR  In the year 1671, a German mathematics, Gottfried Leibniz modified the Pascal calculator and he developed a machine which could perform various calculation based on multiplication and division as well.

6. ANALYTICAL ENGINE  In the year 1833, a scientist form England knows to be Charles Babbage invented such a machine. Which could keep our data safely? This device was called Analytical engine and it deemed the first mechanical computer. It included such feature which is used in today’s computer language. For this great invention of the computer, Sir Charles Babbage is also known as the father of the computer.

7. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS FIRST GENERATION (1940-1956) VACUUM TUBES  The first computer used vacuum tubes for circuitry an magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunction.First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.

8. SECOND GENERATION(1956-1963) TRANSISTORS  Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistors was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread in computers until the late 1950’s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

9. THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971) INTEGRATED CIRCUITS  The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

10. FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)  MICROPROCESSORS  The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.

11. FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT AND BEYOND)  ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEFifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input are capable of learning and self-organization.

12. About history of processors Believe it or not, the speedy Core i7 from Intel's new line contains the energy of DNA that's been around for over three decades! The same can be said about the new Phenom II X4 from AMD. In fact, it is the same long-lived x86 microprocessor architecture that dominated desktop and mobile systems even before many of those who read this article were born and will likely remain dominant for many years to come.

13. The x86 architecture was invented at Intel in 1978. As the years passed, the architecture developed, became not only faster, but also more flexible, and with each release it acquired an ever wider set of built-in instructions. This triumphant procession has been going on for over 30 years - a long period. It's time to stop and remember at least the most popular x86-based processors that were released during this period. The first PC was developed in 1974 by student Jonathan Titus. Titus's computer, which debuted on the cover of Radioelectronica magazine, was named "Model 8" (Mark 8) by the author. It was a project for amateur DIYers and was distributed in the form of a booklet detailing the design and electrical circuit of the miracle device. The inventor himself tried to make money by selling a set of printed circuit boards for everyone to build their own computer. Other components, including the Intel 8008 processor, were offered in the store. Of course, such a product could not count on commercial success. Nevertheless, he created a completely new, hitherto unseen industry - full- fledged computers available to a wide range of individuals.

14. It was only with the advent of semiconductor integrated circuits that it was possible to combine all the computational components in one compact chip. The developers did not immediately realize the advantages of this approach, for a long time processors were produced in the form of a whole set of microcircuits. In 1969, the Japanese company Busicom ordered a dozen chipset from Intel for its new desktop calculator. One of the Intel developers suggested combining some of them into a microcircuit that combines all the necessary functions. The management of both firms accepted the new idea favorably, as it promised considerable economic benefits. The fact is that the cost of production is weakly correlated with the complexity of the microcircuit, and twelve simple (that is, small) chips will cost much more than four large ones, to which the Busicom calculator kit has been reduced. Moreover, the main, "computing" microcircuit, called the processor, is easy to make universal and used in a variety of devices where it is required to perform any calculations.

15.  It was this chip, released in 1971 under the brand name Intel 4004, that became the first commercial single-chip microprocessor. It worked with 4-bit binary numbers and performed 60 thousand operations per second. True, the Intel 4004 never made it to personal computers - in those years such a concept was simply absent.  The next processor, Intel 8008, was 8-bit, capable of addressing up to 16 kb of memory, consisted of 3.5 thousand transistors and operated at a clock frequency of 500 to 800 kHz. It was he who possible the emergence of a new compact computer, called personal.  Note that Intel 8008 has little in common with Intel 4004. The architecture and the set of instructions were developed by the customer (Computer Terminal Corporation, CTC), and based on its future use in terminals for "large" computers. Due to a delay in delivery and insufficient processor power, CTC refused the order. In an effort to somehow compensate for the costs of work, Intel released its product on a large scale. Few expected that private craftsmen would not appreciate the inexpensive processor, but they were able to create on its basis the most real home-made computers. CTC built its terminal the old fashioned way, using a set of microcircuits.