1. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING UNIT-1 SCALABLE COMPUTING OVER THE INTERNET Dr.K.Venkata Subba Reddy, Professor and HOD, Department of CSE, KHIT, Guntur KALLAM HARANADHAREDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GUNTUR 1/112

2. COURSE OUTCOMES DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2/112 COURSE COURSE CODE COURSE OUTCOMES Cloud Computing [Elective-2] C406.1 Describe system models, software environments for distributed and cloud computing C406.2 Analyze virtualization mechanism for datacenter automation C406.3 Demonstrate knowledge on cloud architectural design, service models and cloud security C406.4 Construct cloud based software applications on top of cloud platforms C406.5 Understand Mechanisms for Cloud Resource Management Applications C406.6 Learn the privacy policy of cloud providers

3. 3/112 UNIT -I: Systems modeling, Clustering and virtualization 1.1 Scalable Computing over the Internet 1.1.1 The Age of Internet Computing 1.1.2 Scalable Computing Trends and New Paradigms 1.1.3 The Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 1.2 Technologies for Network-Based Systems 1.2.1 Multicore CPUs and Multithreading Technologies 1.2.2 GPU Computing to Exascale and Beyond. 1.2.3 Memory, Storage, and Wide-Area Networking 1.2.4 Virtual Machines and Virtualization Middleware 1.2.5 Data Center Virtualization for Cloud Computing 1.3 System Models for Distributed and Cloud Computing 1.3.1 Clusters of Cooperative Computers 1.3.2 Grid Computing Infrastructures 1.3.3 Peer-to-Peer Network Families 1.3.4 Cloud Computing over the Internet 1.4 Software Environments for Distributed Systems and Clouds 1.4.1 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) 1.4.2 Trends toward Distributed Operating Systems 1.4.3 Parallel and Distributed Programming Models 1.5 Performance, Security, and Energy Efficiency 1.5.1 Performance Metrics and Scalability Analysis. 1.5.2 Fault Tolerance and System Availability 1.5.3 Network Threats and Data Integrity 1.5.4 Energy Efficiency in Distributed Computing TOPICS TO BE COVERED IN UNIT-I

4. UNIT-I UNIT -I: Systems modeling, Clustering and virtualization  Scalable Computing over the Internet  Technologies for Network based systems  System models for Distributed and Cloud Computing,  Software environments for distributed systems and clouds  Performance  Security And Energy Efficiency 4/112

5. 1. SCALABLE COMPUTING OVER THE INTERNET Scalable Computing over the Internet  1.1 The Age of Internet Computing  1.2 Scalable Computing Trends and New Paradigms  1.3 The Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 5/112

6. SCALABLE COMPUTING OVER THE INTERNET  Scalability is the ability of a computer application or product (hardware or software) to continue to function well when it is changed in size or volume in order to meet a user need.  Instead of using a centralized computer to solve computational problems, a parallel and distributed computing system uses multiple computers to solve large-scale problems over the Internet.  Thus, distributed computing becomes data-intensive and network- centric. 6/112

7. SCALABLE COMPUTING OVER THE INTERNET 1.1. The Age of Internet Computing High-performance computing (HPC) Applications is no longer optimal for measuring system performance High-throughput computing (HTC) systems Built with parallel and distributed computing technologies Upgrade data centers using fast servers, storage systems, and high-bandwidth networks. 7/112 HTC Example: Distributed Computing For example, if you have to process 100 video clips, and each one takes ~1 hr, then you would need ~100 hrs of computing time on your laptop However, if you had 100 laptops, you could theoretically do the task in 1 hr assuming that you could instantly command each one to begin the processing task

8. SCALABLE COMPUTING OVER THE INTERNET Computer technology has gone through five generations of development 1950 to 1970: Mainframes, including the IBM 360 and CDC 6400, were built to satisfy the demands of large businesses and government organizations. 1960 to 1980: lower-cost mini computers such as the DEC PDP 11 and VAX Series became popular among small businesses and on college campuses 1970 to 1990: widespread use of personal computers built with VLSI microprocessors 1980 to 2000: Massive numbers of portable computers and pervasive devices appeared in both wired and wireless applications Since1990: The use of both HPC and HTC systems hidden in clusters, grids, or Internet clouds has proliferated.HTC and HPC are Computational Grids 8/112

9. 9/112 On the HPC side supercomputers (massively parallel processors or MPPs) are gradually replaced by clusters of cooperative computers to share computing resources. The cluster is often a collection of homogeneous compute nodes that are physically connected in close range to one another. Figure: Evolutionary trend toward parallel, distributed, and cloud On the HTC side: Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks are formed for distributed file sharing and content delivery applications. A P2P system is built over many client machines. Peer machines are globally distributed in nature. P2P, cloud computing, and web service platforms are more focused on HTC applications than on HPC applications. Clustering and P2P technologies lead to the development of computational grids or data grids

10. 1.2 Scalable Computing Trends and New Paradigms Radio-frequency identification (RFID) Global Positioning System (GPS) Sensor technologies has triggered the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) 10/112

11. WHAT ARE COMPUTING PARADIGMS? Distributed Computing is the opposite of centralized computing. Parallel computing overlaps with distributed computing to a great extent. Cloud computing overlaps with distributed, centralized, and parallel computing Centralized computing This is a computing paradigm by which all computer resources are centralized in one physical system. All resources (processors, memory, and storage) are fully shared and tightly coupled within one integrated OS. Many data centers and supercomputers are centralized systems, but they are used in parallel, distributed, and cloud computing applications 11/112 Parallel computing In parallel computing, all processors are either tightly coupled with centralized shared memory or loosely coupled with distributed memory. Inter processor communication is accomplished through shared memory or via message

12. Distributed Computing is the opposite of centralized computing. Parallel computing overlaps with distributed computing to a great extent. Cloud computing overlaps with distributed, centralized, and parallel computing Distributed Computing: Group of computers working together as to appear as a single computer to the end users A distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers, each having its own private memory, communicating through a computer network. Information exchange in a distributed system is accomplished through message passing Example: ATM Machines, Wireless Ad-hoc Networks (WANET), Internet, Intranet Properties: Fault Tolerance, Load Sharing, Resource sharing 12/112 Fault Tolerance means When one or some nodes fails the whole system can still work fine except performance

13. 1.2 Scalable Computing Trends and New Paradigms CLOUD COMPUTING:  Cloud Computing o An Internet cloud of resources can be either a centralized or a distributed computing  The cloud applies parallel or distributed computing, or both.  Clouds can be built with physical or virtualized resources over large data centers that are centralized or distributed.  It is a form of utility computing or service computing. stributed computing system. 13/112

14. Distributed Vs Cluster Computing  1. Distributed refers to splitting a business into different sub- services and distributing them on different machines.  2. Cluster refers to a group of servers that are grouped together to achieve the same business and can be considered as one computer. 14/112

15. SCALABLE COMPUTING TRENDS AND NEW PARADIGMS 1.2.1.Innovative Applications of HTC and HPC Systems 15/112

16. 1.2.2.TREND TOWARDS UTILITY COMPUTING 16/112 The vision of computer utilities in modern distributed computing systems. Utility Computing is Better than Cloud Computing

17.  Internet of Things is about connecting "Things" (Objects and Machines) to the internet and eventually to each other;  The Internet of Things (IoT) is a networked connection of everyday objects including computers, sensors, humans, etc.  Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) are integration of computation, networking and physical process. 17/112 1.3.THE INTERNET OF THINGS AND CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS

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