1. NGL Basra university for Oil and Gas Oil and Gas Engineering College Oil and Gas Dep.

2. Topics  Introduction to NGL  Uses of NGL  Separation of Natural Gas Liquids  NGL extraction ▪ The absorption method ▪ The cryogenic expander process  Natural Gas Liquid Fractionation

3. Introduction  Natural gas liquids are hydrocarbons in the same family of molecules as natural gas and crude oil, composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.  Natural gas liquids (NGL) range from 1% to 10% of the raw natural gas flow. They exist as gas in the reservoir but become liquid at surface pressure and temperature conditions.  NGLs include propane, butane, isobutane, ethane, ethene, propene, isobutene, butadiene, pentane, pentene and pentanes plus. They may also be referred to as Condensate.  These must be separated from the methane before it can be transported by gas pipelines.  The content of NGL of natural gas varies widely from essentially none in dry gas to more than 200 bbl of NGL per mmcf (million cubic feet) of gas in rich wet gas.

4. It is an ideal feedstock for steam crackers producing olefins. The largest part of NGL is used in the petrochemical industry. The NGL component propane is said to be used in “Commercial Heating” and one important such use is to heat up oil in refineries. Some heavier NGL components are also used as vehicle fuel.. But ethane, that is the largest component of NGL, is mostly not used in transport. Uses of NGL

5. Ethane (C2H6) is commonly used in the in the petrochemical industry to produce ethylene, which is used to make plastics like polyethylene. Propane (C3H8) used as a fuel for many residential, commercial and agricultural heat applications, including cooking, hot water systems and heating. It is also employed as a propellant, refrigerant, vehicle fuel and petrochemical feedstock. Butane (n-butane) (C4H10) is commonly used as a fuel, propellant and refrigerant, as well as a petrochemical feedstock. Uses of NGL

6. Isobutane (i-butane) is an isomer of butane. Isobutane is commonly used as a refrigerant and a propellant. Pentane (C5H12) is are also used in the petrochemical industry to make things like polystyrene foam and other plastic foams. Hexane (C6H14) is used in gasoline blending, solvents, and other chemical applications. Heptane (C7H16) is commonly used in solvents. It is undesirable in gasoline Octane (C8H18) and its isomer, iso-octane, are used as a major components in gasoline (petrol) Uses of NGL

7. Separation of Natural Gas Liquids Natural gas coming directly from a well contains many natural gas liquids that are commonly removed. In most instances, natural gas liquids (NGLs) have a higher value as separate products, and it is thus economical to remove them from the gas stream. The removal of natural gas liquids usually takes place in a relatively centralized processing plant, and uses techniques similar to those used to dehydrate natural gas. There are two basic steps to the treatment of natural gas liquids in the natural gas stream. First, the liquids must be extracted from the natural gas. Second, these natural gas liquids must be separated themselves, down to their base components.

8. NGL Extraction NGL Extraction There are two principle techniques for removing NGLs from the natural gas stream: the absorption method and the cryogenic expander process. These two processes account for around 90 percent of total natural gas liquids production.

9. The absorption method of NGL extraction is very similar to using absorption for dehydration. The main difference is that, in NGL absorption, an absorbing oil is used as opposed to glycol. This absorbing oil has an ‘affinity’ for NGLs in much the same manner as glycol has an affinity for water. Before the oil has picked up any NGLs, it is termed ‘lean’ absorption oil. As the natural gas is passed through an absorption tower, it is brought into contact wit bottom. It is now a mixture of absorption oil, propane, butanes, pentanes, and other heavier hydrocarbons the absorption oil which soaks up a high proportion of the NGLs. The ‘rich’ absorption oil, now containing NGLs, exits the absorption tower through the. The rich oil is fed into lean oil stills, where the mixture is heated to a temperature above the boiling point of the NGLs, but below that of the oil. This process allows for the recovery of around 75 percent of butanes, and 85 – 90 percent of pentanes and heavier molecules from the natural gas stream. The Absorption Method

10. The basic absorption process above can be modified to improve its effectiveness, or to target the extraction of specific NGLs. In the refrigerated oil absorption method, where the lean oil is cooled through refrigeration, propane recovery can be upwards of 90 percent, and around 40 percent of ethane can be extracted from the natural gas stream. Extraction of the other, heavier NGLs can be close to 100 percent using this process. The Absorption Method

11. Cryogenic processes are also used to extract NGLs from natural gas. While absorption methods can extract almost all of the heavier NGLs, the lighter hydrocarbons, such as ethane, are often more difficult to recover from the natural gas stream. In certain instances, it is economic to simply leave the lighter NGLs in the natural gas stream. However, if it is economic to extract ethane and other lighter hydrocarbons, cryogenic processes are required for high recovery rates. Essentially, cryogenic processes consist of dropping the temperature of the gas stream to around -120 degrees Fahrenheit. The Cryogenic Expansion Process

12. There are a number of different ways of chilling the gas to these temperatures, but one of the most effective is known as the turbo expander process. In this process, external refrigerants are used to cool the natural gas stream. Then, an expansion turbine is used to rapidly expand the chilled gases, which causes the temperature to drop significantly. This rapid temperature drop condenses ethane and other hydrocarbons in the gas stream, while maintaining methane in gaseous form. This process allows for the recovery of about 90 to 95 percent of the ethane originally in the gas stream. In addition, the expansion turbine is able to convert some of the energy released when the natural gas stream is expanded into recompressing the gaseous methane effluent, thus saving energy costs associated with extracting ethane. The extraction of NGLs from the natural gas stream produces both cleaner, purer natural gas, as well as the valuable hydrocarbons that are the NGLs themselves. The Cryogenic Expansion Process

13. Natural Gas Liquid Fractionation Natural Gas Liquid Fractionation Once NGLs have been removed from the natural gas stream, they must be broken down into their base components to be useful. That is, the mixed stream of different NGLs must be separated out. The process used to accomplish this task is called fractionation. Fractionation works based on the different boiling points of the different hydrocarbons in the NGL stream. Essentially, fractionation occurs in stages consisting of the boiling off of hydrocarbons one by one. The name of a particular fractionator gives an idea as to its purpose, as it is conventionally named for the hydrocarbon that is boiled off. The entire fractionation process is broken down into steps, starting with the removal of the lighter NGLs from the stream.

14. The particular fractionators are used in the following order The particular fractionators are used in the following order Deethanizer – this step separates the ethane from the NGL stream. Depropanizer – the next step separates the propane. Debutanizer – this step boils off the butanes, leaving the pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons in the NGL stream. Butane Splitter or Deisobutanizer – this step separates the iso and normal butanes. By proceeding from the lightest hydrocarbons to the heaviest, it is possible to separate the different NGLs reasonably easily.