1. Intercultural and Cross Cultural Communication
Spring Semester hr
Associate Professor Dr. (Ph.d) Kamol Mustaev

2. Introduction
What the difference between Intercultural, Cross-Cultural Communication?
Should we care?

3. Before we start our course There is a topic we should learn first:
What is mind and How it works during communication? Why people communicate in different way?
Why it is so important to know before studying Intercultural and Cross Cultural Communication?

4. Universality How our mind does work?

5. Abstract
Concrete

6. Abstract Concrete
Consistent Not consistent

8. What does cross-cultural mean
What does cross-cultural mean? CROSS-CULTURAL: DEALING WITH OR COMPARING CULTURE DIFFERENCES.
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, cross-cultural means “dealing with or offering comparison between two or more different cultures or cultural areas.”  This simple definition works as cross-cultural researchers study and compare cultures. Cross-cultural communications explore the different communication styles of cultural groups. 
For example, a Swiss IT manager complained that the China IT team lied: “The Chinese tell us everything is fine when they’re having problems.  They lie.  Why don’t they just tell us the truth?” 
Although both IT teams speak English, they use the language differently.  They have different communication styles.  The Chinese communicate negative information indirectly.  Saying “no” seems harsh and confrontational, so they avoid it.  Instead, to save face, they convey negative news by pausing, using body language, or a seemly unrelated story.  Their words may even say the opposite.  The Swiss IT manager is a direct communicator, so she listens to the words.  She doesn’t pay attention to the pauses or story, then labels the Chinese as liars.  If this Swiss IT manager responded by confronting the Chinese team, this communication issue could spin out of control.  
Cross-cultural training explains these differences.  Understanding differences helps those involved to see communication differences as  style differences, rather than character issues.  It also helps us translate verbal and non-verbal communications.  But what do we do with this information.  This is where intercultural training comes in.  

9. What does “intercultural” mean?
First, let’s make a distinction:  The study of different styles is cross-cultural, and the study of cultures interacting with one another is intercultural.  Intercultural is used to describe cultures meeting, clashing, and making adjustments.  According to the Oxford Dictionary intercultural is defined as “taking place between cultures, or derived from different cultures.” 
In his book, Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Communications, Gudykunst separates the to two into separate parts of his book.  He explains that cross-cultural is the overall topic and intercultural is a “subset.”  “Cross-cultural communications is a prerequisite for intercultural communications.”  
INTERCULTURAL: RELATING TO THE INTERACTION OF DIFFERENT CULTURES.
Back to our example of the Swiss and Chinese IT teams.  Cross-cultural training could cover differences, intercultural training could offer processes and tools to adjust to those differences.  Intercultural studies help us build bridges, cross-cultural studies tells us where the bridges start and end.  Because they often overlap, workshops may be labeled under either or both terms.  For instance, I’ve called this training Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Training and Team-Building.  

10. What does multicultural mean
What does multicultural mean? MULTICULTURAL: INVOLVING OR SUPPORTING MULTIPLE CULTURES.
Multicultural seems like a straightforward word, as it implies having to do with multiple cultures.  Unfortunately, its not quite that simple either.  The Oxford Dictionary, defines it: “for or including people of several different races, religions, languages, and traditions.”  The Webster Dictionary takes this one step further by “advocating” for multiple cultures, as this word is used by policy makers, and may be linked to quotas. 
In cultural training, multicultural normally describes the make-up of something, often a team.  For example, an HR manager may describe her domestic team as multicultural, because there are several nationalities on it.  I describe our Cultural Insight Framework as multicultural, as teams can may any culture onto it.  

11. Are these terms important?
Some believe passionately that terms are important and their definitions should be respected. 
This is particularly difficult when working across cultures, as even the most mundane words have different meanings.  Let’s take the word football.  We all know what a football is, right?  Well no.  Even native English speakers don’t agree.  In the US, a football is oval shaped. In the UK, it’s round.
So, why not listen to other definitions with an open mind.  And with this thought, here are a few alternative ideas to the definitions proposed above:
Atamaniuk, Aljona. (2014)  The terms “multicultural”, “cross-cultural”, “intercultural”. Meaning, differences, area of using.  
Fries, Susan. (n.d.)  Cultural, Multicultural, Cross-cultural, Intercultural: A Moderator’s Proposal.  TESOL France. 
The United Church of Canada. (2011)  Defining Multicultural, Cross-cultural, and Intercultural. 

12. Cross-cultural communication is a necessity for any company that has a diverse workforce or plans on conducting global business. This type of communication provides an understanding of how employees of different cultures speak, communicate and perceive the world around them.

13. What are the principles of cross cultural communication?
The key is to respect those differences and to work with them or around them. One of the main principles of effective cross-cultural communication is that there is no judgment. It's a good idea develop at least some knowledge of your team's backgrounds and cultures so on some level you can establish a basic rapport.

14. How does culture affect communication?
Past experiences, perception, and cultural background greatly affect the way people talk and behave. Culture plays an important role in shaping the style of communication. ... The culture in which individuals are socialized influences the way they communicate, and the way individuals communicate can change the culture.

15. What are cross cultural barriers?
Cross-cultural communication barriers such as. anxiety, uncertainty, stereotyping, and ethnocentrism are caused by inadequate cultural knowledge. and the lack of intercultural communicative skills. Adequate training in cross cultural. communication and exposure to other cultures is essential in eliminating these ...

16. Strategies for effective communication across cultures
Know yourself — understand why you are pursuing this subject. ...
Learn about different cultures and values. ...
Use shared language. ...
Take your time. ...
Consider physical and human setting. ...
Improve communication skills. ...
Encourage feedback, allow for correction and adjustment of message. ...
Develop empathy.

17. Tips to Improve your Cross Cultural Communication Skills
Keep Your Language Simple. Adopt a simple structure in your writing, and avoid giving long speeches. ...
Avoid Idioms, Slang, and Double Meanings. English is full of nuance and double meanings that gets lost on those who speak it as a second language. ...
Slow Down Your Speech. ...
Be Respectful. ...
Keep it Formal. ...
Ask for Feedback.

18. What are examples of cultural barriers?
Explicit or implicit verbal messages, how close people stand to each other while talking are examples of cultural factors affecting behaviour. Use of non verbal elements, voice, tone, facial expressions, gestures, eye movements form part of the conversation. Barriers to communication may be both verbal and non verbal.

19. What are the types of intercultural communication?
There are basically two types of intercultural communication: Verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication consists of words used to communicate messages whereas non-verbal communication is gestures that give out messages.

20. Ways to understand cultural differences
Become self-aware. Work out your own beliefs, values and personal biases. ...
Do your own research. ...
Talk to someone from a different cultural background. ...
Travel! ...
Be more accepting. ...
Don't stereotype. ...
Everyone is unique.

21. What is cross cultural heritage?