1. HYDROCEPHALUS
- Ankit kumar

2. Content Definition Anatomy Types Etiology Sign & symptoms Risk factor
Diagnosis
Treatment

3. Introduction
Hydrocephalus is the build up fluid in the ventricle of the brain.
The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain.

4. Anatomy

6. Hydrocephalus Types Congenital and Acquired
Obstructing and communicating
Acute and chronic

7. Congenital Hydrocephalus
It is build of excess CSF in the brain at birth.
The extra fluid can increase pressure in the baby’s brain, causing brain damage and mental and physical problems.
It is in rare condition.

8. Acquired Hydrocephalus
It can develop in older children and adults because of head injury or illness that affects the brain.

9. Obstructing Hydrocephalus
Also called Non-communicating hydrocephalus.
It occur when the flow of CSF is blocked along one or more of the narrow passage connecting the ventricles.
Its number cause due to aqueductal stenosis.

10. Communicating Hydrocephalus
It occur when the flow of CSF is blocked after it exit the ventricles.
Communicating means CSF can still flow between the ventricles, which remain open.

11. Chronic Hydrocephalus
Acute Hydrocephalus
It is the buildup of fluid in the ventricles within in brain.
Chronic Hydrocephalus
It is characterized by the presence of ventricular enlargement in the absence of significant evaluation of intracranial pressure.

12. Etiology Imbalance between amount of CSF production Obstruction of CSF
Poor absorption of CSF
Over production of CSF

13. Sign & Symptoms Early Difficulty in focusing eye Excessive sleepiness
Poor feeding
Difficulty in focusing eye
Excessive sleepiness
Rapid increase in head circumference
Seizures
Late
High pressure headache
Nausea/ vomiting
Blurred and double vision
Eye movement abnormality
Pupil abnormality
Infant
Tense and buldging frontelle
Increase in head circumference
Buldging scalp veins
Impaired conscious levels
Sunsetting sign

14. Risk factor Cerebral herniation CVS instability Neurological deficit
Vision- irreversible damage
Death

15. Diagnosis
CT Brain :- Easily diagnose of hydrocephalus in adults and children.
# In this enlarged brain ventricles is seen.
MRI :- To see the sign of excess CSF.
Cerebral USG :- For new born.

16. MRI

17. CT
Cerebral USG

18. Treatment Shunt insertion
Shunt is a drainage system made of a long tube with a valve.
The valve helps CSF flow at a normal rate and in right direct.
It is surgically inserted, and excess fluid is drain from the brain.

19. Ventriculostomy
It is a procedure in which shunt is inserted in alternative way.
It involves a making hole at the bottom of a ventricle. This allows CSF to leave the brain.

20. Other new modalities Endoscopic aqueductoplasty (3fr fogarty catheter)
Endoscopic aqueductal stenting
Endoscopic septosomy