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Pilgrim’s Progress John Bunyan
Abdul Ghaffar (T.A) Usindh Laar Campus Badin
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Life and work of John Bunyan Background of ‘’Pilgrim’s Progress’’
OUTLINES Life and work of John Bunyan Background of ‘’Pilgrim’s Progress’’ Summary Themes Characters Symbolism
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Life and work John Bunyan
Born : 28 November 1628 Elstow, Bedfordshire, England Occupation : Writer, preacher Major Works : The Pilgrim’s Progress, The Holy War Died : 31 August 1688 (aged 59) London, England Prose writer of Puritan Age Pilgrim’s Progress 1778
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Background of “Pilgrim’s Progress”
ALLEGORY: A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one. The Pilgrim's Progress, religious allegory by the English writer John Bunyan, published in two parts in 1678 and The work is a symbolic vision of the good man's pilgrimage through life. At one time second only to the Bible in popularity, The Pilgrim's Progress is the most famous Christian allegory
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John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress being an allegorical writing contains two fold meaning in it, one showing the dangerous adventure of a brave man, and another expressing and advocating the lifestyle and way of particular religious group and doctrine, including the indications of Bunyan’s own life and contemporary
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Summary Part( 01) City of Destruction
The city stands as a symbol of the entire world as it is, with all of its sins, corruptions, and sorrows. No one living there can have any hope of salvation. Celestial City where he can enjoy eternal life in the happy company of God and the Heavenly Host.
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Slough of Despond A swamp, a bog, a quagmire, the first obstacle in Christian's course. Pilgrims are apt to get mired down here by their doubts and fears Village of Morality Near the village Christian meets Mr. Worldly Wiseman, who, though not religiously inclined, is a friendly and well-disposed person. The end could only be hunger, pain, and death. Wicket Gate Christian reads the sign on the gate: "Knock and it shall be opened unto you. gatekeeper, a "grave person" named Good-will, who comes out to ask what Christian wants he is let through the gate, which opens on the Holy Way, a straight and narrow path leading toward the Celestial City.
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Interpreter's House On Good-will's advice, Christian makes his first stop at the large house of Interpreter, a character symbolizing the Holy Spirit. Interpreter shows his guest a number of "excellent things. Bible in his hand and a crown of gold on his head; a dusty parlor which is like the human heart before it is cleansed with the Gospel The Cross Beyond Interpreter's House, Christian comes to the Cross, which stands on higher ground beside the Holy Way. Below it, at the foot of the gentle slope, , is an open sepulcher. When Christian stops by the Cross, the burden on his back suddenly slips from his shoulders, rolls down the slope
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three Shining Ones (angels) appear
three Shining Ones (angels) appear. They tell him all his sins are now forgiven, give him bright new raiment to replace his old ragged clothes, and hand him a parchment, "a Roll with a seal upon it." For his edification and instruction, Christian is to read the Roll as he goes along, and when he reaches the Pearly Gates, he is present it as his credentials a sort of passport to Heaven Difficulty Hill The Holy Way beyond the Cross is fenced in with a high wall on either side. The Holy Way beyond the Cross is fenced in with a high wall on either side. Christian is passing along, two men — Formalist and Hypocrisy — climb over the wall and drop down beside him
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where three paths join and they must make a choice
where three paths join and they must make a choice. One path goes straight ahead up the steep slope of the hill; another goes around the base of the hill to the right; the third, around the hill to the left. Christian argues that the right path is the one leading straight ahead up Difficulty Hill. Not liking the prospect of much exertion, Formalist and Hypocrisy decide to take the easier way on the level paths going around the hill. Both get lost and perish.
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Palace Beautiful A narrow path leads off the Holy Way to the lodge in front of Palace Beautiful. Starting up the path, Christian sees two lions, stops, and turns around as if to retreat four virgins come out to the lodge, all of them "grave and beautiful damsels": Discretion, Prudence, Piety, and Charity. Satisfied with Christian's answers to their questions, they invite him in, introduce him to the rest of the family, serve him supper, and assign him to a beautiful bedroom — Peace — for the night. rarities" of the place’’ the library, filled with ancient documents the library, filled with ancient documents dating back to the beginning of time; next, the armory, packed with swords, shields, helmets, breastplates, and other things sufficient to equip all servants of the Lord,
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Valley of Humiliation Here Christian is attacked and almost overcome by a "foul fiend" named Apollyon — a hideous monster with scales like a fish, wings like a dragon, mouth like a lion, and feet like a bear; flames and smoke belch out of a hole in his belly. Christian, after a painful struggle, wounds the fiend with his sword and drives him off. Valley of the Shadow of Death This is a wilderness, a land of deserts and pits, inhabited only by yowling hobgoblins and other dreadful creatures. The path here is very narrow, edged on one side by a deep, water-filled ditch in which many have drowned; on the other side, by a treacherous bog. old friend, Faithful, one of his neighbors in the City of Destruction.
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Vanity Fair the town holds a year-round fair at which all kinds of things are bought and sold "houses, lands, trades, titles, lusts, pleasures, bodies, souls, silver, gold, pearls, precious stones, and what not." Christian and Faithful infuriate the merchandisers by turning up their noses at the wares offered them, saying that they would buy nothing but the Truth Their presence and their attitude cause a hubbub in the town, which leads the authorities to jail them for disturbing the peace. charge of disrupting trade, creating dissension, and treating with contempt the customs and laws laid down for the town by its prince, old Beelzebub himself. Faithful is convicted and sentenced to be executed
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Doubting Castle and Giant Despair
In a manner only vaguely explained, Christian gets free and goes on his way — but not alone, for he has been joined by Hopeful, a native of Vanity Fair who is fleeing in search of better things sparkling stream, the River of the Water of Life, which meanders through beautiful meadows bright with flowers. Next morning, they are surprised and seized by the prince of By- path Meadow, a giant named Despair. Charging them with malicious trespassing, he hauls them to his stronghold, Doubting Castle, and throws them into a deep dark dungeon, where they lie for days without food or drink
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Locked in Doubting Castle."
Finding that the magic key works, the prisoners are soon out in the open and running as fast as they can to get back onto the Holy Way Ease of By-path Meadow. Delectable Mountains Christian and Hopeful next come to the Delectable Mountains, where they find gardens, orchards, vineyards, and fountains of water. Four shepherds — Experience, Knowledge, Watchful, and Sincere — come to greet them. Received paper from shepherd, instructing them on what to do and what to avoid on the journey ahead.
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Country of Beulah This is a happy land where the sun shines day and night, flowers bloom continuously, and the sweet and pleasant air is filled with bird-song. There is no lack of grain and wine. Christian and Hopeful stop to rest and enjoy themselves here, pleased that the Celestial City is now within sight, which leads them to assume that the way there is now clear. Dark River A wide, swift-flowing stream. A Shining One appears and tells them that they must make their way across as best they can, that fording the river is a test of faith, that those with faith have nothing to fear.
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Wading into the river, Hopeful finds firm footing, but Christian does not He is soon floundering in water over his head, fearing that he will be drowned, that he will never see "the land that flows with milk and honey." Hopeful helps Christian by holding his head above water, and the two finally achieve the crossing.
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Celestial City On the far side of the river, two Shining Ones are waiting for the Pilgrims and take them by the arm to assist them in climbing the steep slope to the Celestial City, which stands on a "mighty hill higher than the clouds." Coming to the gate of the city, built all of precious stones, Christian and Hopeful present their credentials, which are taken to the King (God). He orders the gate to be opened, and the two weary but elated Pilgrims go in, to find that the streets are paved with gold and that along them walk many men with crowns on their heads and golden harps in their hands.
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Summary 2nd Part Part two begins with Christian's wife, Christiana's, conversion experience, which includes a divine dream and a messenger from heaven. She, her four sons, and her pious young neighbor, Mercy, set out on a pilgrimage, following in Christian's footsteps. Interpreter's House, they are meet a guide, Mr. Great- Heart, who will lead them on their journey The pilgrims arrive soon after at the Beautiful Palace, where they stay and study for quite some time. Matthew gets sick from eating the devil's fruit, but he soon recovers.
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The pilgrims meet Honesty along the road, and he joins their band.
Great-Heart is there to protect them They pass through the Valley of Humiliation and the Valley of the Shadow of Death without incident The pilgrims meet Honesty along the road, and he joins their band. pilgrims arrive in Vanity. They stay with one of the few good men in town, Mr. Mnason, and set off again without incident. Delectable Mountains, where the shepherds prepare them for the final stage of their journey.
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Christiana is summoned first, followed by the rest of the men they picked up along the way.
When they have entered triumphally into the City of Zion, the boys (Christian and Christiana's sons) and their wives decide to stay behind to grow the church on earth.
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Characters The Narrator (John Bunyan)
John Bunyan narrates this story as if he were seeing it in his dreams. The revelation of Christian's journey is something he wishes to share with community. He uses the first person throughout the text, though somewhat infrequently, and he often addresses the reader directly.
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Evangelist The Evangelist appears to instruct Christian how to rid himself of his burden. He tells Christian where to go and occasionally reappears to set Christian back on track or help him out of a tight spot during his journey. His name is directly derived from the Bible, since the writers of the gospel are referred to as the evangelists. The term comes from the Greek word for "good news." The Evangelist always comes with good news, for it is his message that leads Christian to salvation.
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Christian Formerly known as Graceless, or just 'Man', Christian is the protagonist of Bunyan's allegory. He is every man, and he is meant to inspire readers, just as his story inspires other characters in Pilgrim's Progress. Obstinate One of the first men that Christian encounters as he leaves on his pilgrimage. Obstinate eventually refuses to accompany Christian on his journey, and later publicly mocks him for leaving. Pliable Pliable starts out as Obstinate's travelling partner, but he agrees to accompany Christian even when Obstinate turns back. Pliable leaves Christian at the Slough of Despond, however, because he is frustrated by the difficulty of the journey and the limitations of Christian's knowledge. Help Help appears to assist Christian in his escape from the Slough of Despond.
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Mr. Worldly Wiseman He presents the first real temptation for Christian to stray from his righteous path. He tells Christian to ignore the Evangelist's advice, and that he can shed his burden by going to the town of Morality and following the guidance of Mr. Legality and his son. Mr. Legality He is the head of the town of Morality. Mr. Legality represents the law, and though he doesn't ultimately snare Christian, his smooth talking has snared many other would-be pilgrims.
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The Interpreter The Interpreter is a critical figure for both Christian and Christiana as they make their pilgrimages. Shining Ones The Shining Ones are angels who appear periodically throughout the book. Usually they appear alone or in threes, a significant number in Christianity. The Lions The Lions represent the Restoration Government responsible for quashing the religious dissent during Bunyan's time.
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Watchful Watchful is the porter at the Beautiful Palace, the second bastion of help along the way on Christian's journey. Discretion One of the damsels at the Beautiful Palace. Prudence One of the damsels at the Beautiful Palace. She quizzes Christiana's sons and is impressed by their knowledge of the faith. Piety Another damsel at the Beautiful Palace. Charity One of the damsels in the Beautiful Palace.
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Apollyon Apollyon is the fiendish monster who inhabits the Valley of Humiliation. Beelzebub The leader of Vanity-Fair. Some scholars suggest that Beelzebub is specifically supposed to represent King Charles II. Beelzebub also owns the orchards just beyond the Wicket Gate from which Matthew steals fruit.
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Hopeful Inspired by Faithful's death, Hopeful joins Christian on the pilgrimage as he leaves Vanity. A loyal companion and good interlocutor, Hopeful and Christian are equals on the pathway to heaven. Hopeful sees promise in situations where Christian does not, like in the dungeon of the Doubting Castle.
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Mr. Sagacity Mr. Sagacity only appears for the first few pages of the second part. Mr. Sagacity relates the state of Christiana and the rest of the City of Destruction after Christian left, but he disappears after her conversion, and Bunyan assumes the narration single-handedly. Christiana Christian's wife, who originally mocks Christian for his pilgrimage, has a change of heart and takes to the road herself. Able, intelligent, and a caring mother, she is a model for female readers. She and her band of pilgrims represent the church in the allegory, which must be led by a pastor.
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Mercy Mercy is the virtuous young woman who sees the value in Christiana's journey and undertakes it with her. Though not called directly by God, he is gracious and sees she is sincere and she is admitted through the Wicket Gate. She eventually marries Matthew. Mr. Great-Heart Mr. Great-Heart is one of the Interpreter's servants who is sent to guide Christiana and company on their pilgrimage. He represents the pastor of a church. Without his steadfast encouragement, guidance, and protection, the band of pilgrims in part II would not have made it to the City of Zion.
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James One of Christiana's sons. He marries Phebe. Matthew Christiana and Christian's eldest son. He marries Mercy. Joseph One of Christiana's sons. Samuel Mr. Brisk Mercy's suitor while the pilgrims are in residence at the Beautiful Palace. Mr. Skill The physician who treats Matthew when Beelzebub's fruit makes him ill.
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Mr. Mnason The inn-keeper in Vanity who houses the group of pilgrims. He is one of the only good people in Vanity and helps many pilgrims on their journey. Madam Bubble Madam Bubble is the witch who enchants the Enchanted Grounds. She represents the world's temptations, but with Great-Heart as their guide, she is unable to sway Christiana and her group of pilgrims.
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THEMES The cost of salvation
Christian’s journey proves, the road to Heaven is not easy, the cost is great. Man is full of sin, but this does not keep him from attaining glory. Christian's journey moves from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City. The more significant journey is the one that happens inside a pilgrim. Christian must "cross the river and join in Heaven.
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Superiority of the Poor over the Rich
In the Pilgrim’s Progress Christian have no property ties. He is free to live home, his wife and children; and they also free to follow him. Faithful is brought up for trial in Vanity-Fair because of telling truth. All rich man and women are against him because they hate truth and God.
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Knowledge Gained Through Travel
Christian and his companions learning from their mistakes on their journey. It is not an option for a pilgrim to start and stop as he or she pleases, or to undertake the journey with personal designs. The pilgrim must move on spiritually. Christian never makes the same mistake twice or meets the same enemy twice
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