1. World War I
“The Great War”

2. Why not peace?
MAIN CAUSES (know acronym)
Why not peace?

3. Militarism- Glorifying Military Power
Long Term Causes
Militarism-
Glorifying Military Power
Keeping a large standing army prepared for war
Arms race for military technology

4. Long Term Causes
Alliance System-
Designed to keep peace in Europe, instead pushed continent towards war
Many Alliances made in secret
By 1907 two major alliances: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

5. Triple Alliance Triple Entente The Two Sides Germany Austria-Hungary
Italy
Central Powers
Ottoman Empire
Triple Entente
England
France
Russia
Allied Powers
England, France, Russia, United States, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, Switzerland

6. Imperialism- European competition for colonies
Long Term Causes
Imperialism-
European competition for colonies
Quest for colonies often almost led to war
Imperialism led to rivalry and mistrust amongst European nations

7. IMPERIALISM
Germany & France almost went to war three times over Morocco
European nations competed fiercely for colonies in Africa & Asia
England & France argued over rights to the Sudan
Germany, England, Russia argued over building a railroad in India
Competition for colonies often pushed Europeans
to the brink of war
This competition increased European rivalry & mistrust
Another force that helped set the stage for war in Europe was imperialism. As Chapter 27 explained, the nations of Europe competed fiercely for colonies in Africa and Asia. The quest for colonies sometimes pushed European nations to the brink of war. As European countries continued to compete for overseas empires, their sense of rivalry and mistrust of one another deepened.

8. Alliances 1. Great Britain 1. Austria-Hungary 2. France 2. Germany
Allies Central Powers
1. Great Britain Austria-Hungary
2. France Germany
3. Russia
Later...
4. Japan Turkey
5. Italy Bulgaria
And later…
6. U.S

9. ALLIANCES
Growing rivalries among nations led to the formation of two military alliances that threatened to draw European nations into war
Germany, Italy, & Austria-Hungary made up the Triple Alliance
England, France, & Russia formed the Triple Entente

10. Nationalism- Deep Devotion to One’s Nation
Long Term Causes
Nationalism-
Deep Devotion to One’s Nation
Competition and Rivalry developed between European nations for territory and markets
(Example France and Germany- Alsace-Lorraine)

11. NATIONALISM “European Balance of Power, 1914”
Rivalries due to militarism & imperialism increased nationalism among European powers
European rivals tried to maintain a balance of power while also trying to overpower each other
One such development was the growth of nationalism, or a deep devotion to one’s nation. Nationalism can serve as a unifying force within a country. However, it also can cause intense competition among nations, with each seeking to overpower the other. By the turn of the 20th century, a fierce rivalry indeed had developed among Europe’s Great Powers. Those nations were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France. This increasing rivalry among European nations stemmed from several sources. Competition for materials and markets was one. Territorial disputes were another. France, for example, had never gotten over the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in the Franco-Prussian War (1870). Austria-Hungary and Russia both tried to dominate in the Balkans, a region in southeast Europe. Within the Balkans, the intense nationalism of Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians, and other ethnic groups led to demands for independence.
“European Balance of Power, 1914”
British propaganda poster, 1897
Austrian national poster, 1900

12. The Balkans became a “powder keg” waiting for a spark to blow up
NATIONALISM
No region was more tense in the years before World War I than the Balkans
While nationalism unified people in the powerful nations, it was dividing people in weakening empires
The Balkans became a “powder keg” waiting for a spark to blow up
Serbia, Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, & Romania broke from the Ottoman Empire to create new nations
Nowhere was that dispute more likely to occur than on the Balkan Peninsula. This mountainous peninsula in the southeastern corner of Europe was home to an assortment of ethnic groups. With a long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes, the Balkans was known as the “powder keg” of Europe.
By the early 1900s, the Ottoman Empire, which included the Balkan region, was in rapid decline. While some Balkan groups struggled to free themselves from the Ottoman Turks, others already had succeeded in breaking away from their Turkish rulers. These peoples had formed new nations, including Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia.
Nationalism was a powerful force in these countries. Each group longed to extend its borders. Serbia, for example, had a large Slavic population. It hoped to absorb all the Slavs on the Balkan Peninsula. Russia, itself a mostly Slavic nation, supported Serbian nationalism. However, Serbia’s powerful northern neighbor, Austria-Hungary, opposed such an effort. Austria feared that efforts to create a Slavic state would stir rebellion among its Slavic population.
In 1908, Austria annexed, or took over, Bosnia and Herzegovina. These were two Balkan areas with large Slavic populations. Serbian leaders, who had sought to rule these provinces, were outraged. In the years that followed, tensions between Serbia and Austria steadily rose. The Serbs continually vowed to take Bosnia and Herzegovina away from Austria. In response, Austria-Hungary vowed to crush any Serbian effort to undermine its authority in the Balkans
Slavic people in Serbia wanted to unify all Slavs but Austria-Hungary opposed giving up the largely Slavic territories Bosnia & Herzegovina

13. War Begins!!!!
Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to Austria-Hungary throne) Assassinated in Bosnia by Serbian terrorists

14. The Outbreak of World War I
On July 23, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia: turn over conspirators & allow an investigation…OR…go to war
When Serbia balked at some of the terms, Austria-Hungary declared war on June 28, 1914
Russia had a large population of Slavs & was an ally of Serbia; Russia moved troops to the Austrian border
These events set off a chain reaction that started World War I

15. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia & its ally Russia
World War 1 Begins
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia & its ally Russia
On August 4, 1914, England declared war on Germany & Austria-Hungary
On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia
On August 3, 1914, Germany declared war on France
Russia mobilized for war to protect Serbia
Italy backed out of its agreement with Germany & Austria-Hungary…
…and joined the Allies
On July 28,1914, Serbia declined the ultimatum
World War I had begun

16. During the war Germany & Austria-Hungary became the Central Powers; They were joined by Bulgaria & the Ottoman Empire
The members of the Triple Entente became known as the Allied Powers and eventually were joined by…

17. …many nations throughout the world

18. Leaders of WWI Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm II (emperor)
Italy: Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (P.M.)
France: Georges Clemenceau (P.M.)
Russia: Nicholas II (czar)
U.S.: Woodrow Wilson (President)
Britain: David Lloyd George (P.M.)

19. I got your back!
Germany aligns with Austria; declares war on Russia (Serbia ally) and France (Russian ally)
Italy and Britain remain neutral

20. Schlieffen Plan
This stated that Germany should attack France and then Russia
In order to attack France, Germany had to go through Belgium, which was to be neutral
This upset Britain and declared war on Germany

21. The Western Front
When Russia went towards Germany, the German’s left the Schlieffen Plan and took some troops from France and moved them towards Russia
This weakened the armies in France
Result= long stalemate (deadlock where neither side could defeat the other)

22. Trench Warfare
Underground network that linked bunkers, communications, gun emplacements…soldiers fried in the summer, froze in the winter
No-Man’s Land= area between trenches; everything destroyed

23. Trench Warfare

26. Trench Conditions
What do you believed caused this condition?

27. Costly Battles
Verdun= Central Powers offensive Germany vs. France= ½ million causalities on both sides
Somme River= Allies offensive 60,000 British killed/injured

28. Verdun battlefield

29. Dead Soldier

30. Technology Zeppelins= large gas-filled balloons
Flying-Aces= air warfare
U-boats= German submarines (would bring U.S. into war)
Convoys= groups of merchant ships protected by war ships
Trench Warfare Technology

31. German U-boat
UC 44 Class U-boat: 1) Aft torpedo tubes 2) Electric motor 3) Main engine 4) Control room 5) Mine tubes 6) Forward torpedo tubes 7) Crew quarters

32. Not so Quiet on the Eastern Front
Battle of Tannenberg
Russia got blasted!!! (worst defeat in war)
Russia poorly equipped – behind in I.R.

33. Southern Europe 1915 Bulgaria joins Central Powers
They hate Serbia!
Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary and later Germany
They want Austrian territory that house Italians
BATTLE OF CAPORETTO
Bad defeat for Italians—attacked by Germany and Austria
Eventually British and France stop the offensive

34. Outside Europe Japan joins Allies Ottoman Empire joins C.P.
Wants German outpost in China
Ottoman Empire joins C.P.
Included Arab lands
Arab nationalists attacked Turks with help from Britain’s “Lawrence of Arabia”
Result= Ottoman Empire lost a lot of land (Baghdad)

35. Total War T.W.= all country’s resources going towards war effort
Conscription used (Draft)
Gov’t raised taxes, rationed food
Propaganda used = spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage opposing views ie. atrocities

36. British Propaganda

37. German Propaganda

38. U.S.A. Propaganda

39. War the Women Fought Took over jobs at home; kept economy going
Manufacturing weapons/supplies
Nurses

40. Russian Revolution
March 1917, Bread riots in St. Petersburg escalated into a revolution that brought down the Russian monarchy
Lenin came to power and signed the TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK with Germany that pulled Russia out of war

41. New Revelations Germany could now focus on western front
Neutral America (Wilson) believed they had a right to sail the seas
Even if they were bringing supplies to allies
May 1915 Germany sinks the Lusitania
Wilson threatens to break ties with Germany
Germany agrees not to sink passenger liners with U-boat without warning
Dec 1916, Germany announces it will resume unrestricted submarine warfare

42. The Last Straw
Zimmerman Note: British intercept message from German foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico
He promised Mexico land in U.S. for their help in the war.

43. Allied Victory
By 1918 Germany had exhausted it’s resources William II was forced to step down and flee to the Netherlands and Austria-Hungary was collapsing
November 11, 1918: Armistice (agreement to end fighting) brought “The Great War” to an end

44. Results of War
Pandemic of influenza (spread of disease across whole world)
Financial burdens: cost to rebuild roads, farms, factories: cost to repay war debt
Losers must pay reparations= payments for war damage

45. Paris Peace Conference
Big 3
Wilson; 14 points
Clemenceau (FRANCE); demanded Germany punished harshly
Lloyd George (BRITAIN): same as France
Italy
wanted Austrian land promised to them
Others wanted national states of their own

46. Objective: To analyze Wilson’s peace plan and the Versailles Treaty.
Palace of Versailles

47. Adios, dandelion! I guess my work here is done!

48. Huh? I thought I took care of that stubborn dandelion!

49. What were the four MAIN, or “root” causes of World War I?
How did the Treaty of Versailles contribute to the start of WWII?
World War I
World War II
Nationalism
Militarism
Imperialism
Alliances

50. Treaty of Versailles June 1919 Treaty
Forced Germany to take full blame for war
Must pay reparations of more than $30 billion
Limited German size of military
Alsace and Lorraine returned to France
Lost overseas territories
*Will result in deadlier war 20 years later!

51. Europe 1914

52. MAP 1920

53. Results of Conference New nations
Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland (Welcome Back), Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia
Mandates= territories administered by western powers…until fit to govern themselves (in theory)

54. Upset Countries Germany= given full blame
Italy= not given land promised
Japan= not given recognition of claims in China
Russia= lost land to new Baltic Countries