1. Comparison of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Property\State
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Intermolecular Interaction
Virtually none
Considerable interaction
Flow
Fluid – free flow
Fluid – nearly free flow
Rigid – virtually none
Actual/Occupied Volume Ratio
Close to Negligible
Slightly<1.00
Mode of Motion
Virtually random translational motion
Restricted translational motion
Vibration about fixed sites only
Simple Equation of State
Yes No

2. Phase Changes

3. Dipole-Dipole Forces
Solid and Liquid HCl

4. Ion-Dipole Forces

5. Formation of Induced Dipole in a Helium Atom
No induction in (a), since there are no ions or polar molecules in close proximity.
Induction in (b) due to presence of near ion or polar molecule

6. Induced Dipoles in Helium
The induced dipoles exist only momentarily. Nevertheless, at low enough temperatures, the generated dispersion forces are sufficient for helium to condense.

7. Hydrogen Bonds in Water

8. Surface Tension

9. Capillary Action
(a) Adhesion is higher (b) Cohesion is higher

10. 3-Dimensional Structure of Water

11. Unit Cell and 3-D Depiction
3-D Structure

12. Seven Types of Units Cells – Seven Crystal Systems

13. Packing of Spheres – Simple Cubic Cell

14. Packing of Spheres – Body Centred Cubic Cell

15. Closest Packing – Two Arrangements

16. Cubic Unit Cells

17. Radii and Edge Length Relationships for Cubic Cell

18. X-Ray Diffraction

19. Crystal Structure of NaCl

20. Diamond and Graphite – Covalent Crystals

21. Properties of Crystals

22. Vapour Pressure

23. Vapour Pressure - Temperature

24. A Typical Heating Curve

25. Phase Diagrams