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Osmoregulation.

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Presentation on theme: "Osmoregulation."— Presentation transcript:

1 Osmoregulation

2 The problem of osmolarity:
salt water 35 ppt fresh water 0-5 ppt

3 salt water fresh water 35 ppt 0-5 ppt FISHES
The problem of osmolarity: Hyper-osmotic salt water 35 ppt fresh water 0-5 ppt FISHES Hypo-osmotic fishes need to balance their internal osmotic environment increase/retain solutes, or decrease internal water - they pee a lot decrease/shed solutes, or increase internal water - they drink a lot

4 salt water fresh water 35 ppt 0-5 ppt FISHES
The problem of osmolarity: Hyper-osmotic salt water 35 ppt fresh water 0-5 ppt FISHES Hypo-osmotic fishes are either: stenohaline - tolerant of limited range of osmolarity euryhaline - tolerant of wide range (where is this useful?) diadromous – osmo-adaptation changes during lifetime

5 How fish deal with being osmotic misfits
1. osmo-conformers (hagfishes) maintain isosmotic conditions

6 How fish deal with being osmotic misfits
1. osmo-conformers (hagfishes) 2. salt supplementers (marine elasmobranches and coelacanths) high urea content and TMAO (trimethylamine oxide) low permeability to Na+, Cl- excrete excess Na+, Cl-

7 How fish deal with being osmotic misfits
3. hyposmotics (marine teleosts) tend to lose water, replace by drinking gill cells pump in water, not salts

8 How fish deal with being osmotic misfits
4. hyperosmotics (freshwater fishes) excrete large volumes of water gill chloride cells pump in salts often euryhaline (striped bass, tilapia, drum)

9 Diadromous fishes – experience salt and freshwater
environments during their life

10 Diadromous fishes anadromous - Pacific salmon, lamprey, shad
fresh water salt water

11 Diadromous fishes fresh water salt water
anadromous - Pacific salmon, lamprey, shad fresh water salt water behavioral change (drinking) changes in kidney function metamorphosis (smoltification) – cued to photoperiod, lunar cycle

12 Diadromous fishes anadromous - Pacific salmon, lamprey, shad
landlocked species (potamodromous, adfluvial) - reversion of salt-water tolerance fresh water

13 Diadromous fishes anadromous - Pacific salmon, lamprey, shad
landlocked species (potamodromous, adfluvial) catadromous - eels pre-leptocephalus larva mature eel leptocephalus silver eel elver, yellow eel glass eel

14 The cost of osmoregulation
Kijewska et al. (2016). Adaptation to salinity in Atlantic cod from different regions of the Baltic Sea. J. Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 478, 62–67.

15 The cost of osmoregulation
Birrer et al.(2012). Salinity change impairs pipefish immune defense. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 33(6), 1238–1248.

16 Chemoreception: taste and smell

17 Taste and smell: communication
individual recognition, especially of mates species recognition, esp. schooling species offspring recognition (cichlids) scent mark territories (gobies) dominant-subordinate relationships aggression-inhibiting pheromone produced by bullheads living in groups

18 Taste (= chemoreception at close range)
taste organs can reside on exterior surfaces: barbels of bottom-dwelling fishes lips of suckers over much of body of ictalurids

19 Olfaction (= chemoreception at "long" range/gradients)
more sensitive than taste used for: food finding migration, e.g., salmon intra, interspecific communication

20 Olfaction (= chemoreception at "long" range/gradients)
more sensitive than taste used for: food finding migration, e.g., salmon intra, interspecific communication semiochemical – chemical used for communication pheromone – elicits social response in same species kairomone – benefits receiver, not emitter – between species e.g., food, scent, necromone

21 Sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus
Sea lamprey do not (cannot) home to natal stream; and, only get one chance to spawn, so need a cue to find a good stream for spawning

22 Sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus
Petromyzonol sulfate Migratory pheromone emitted by larval lamprey – induces upstream movement of adults

23 Sea lamprey sex pheromone
3kPZS Sea lamprey sex pheromone Dr. Weiming Li, Michigan State University

24 Olfaction (= chemoreception at "long" range/gradients)
“Schreckstoff” alarm pheromones (Ostariophysi): Gonorynchiformes Cypriniformes Characiformes Gymnotiformes Siluriformes Note: ‘Shreck’ is German word for ‘scary’, thus ‘scary stuff’

25 Olfaction (= chemoreception at "long" range/gradients)
“Schreckstoff” alarm pheromones (Ostariophysi) - originate in specialized ‘club’ cells in skin, released when fish is damaged effect is to alert other conspecifics - potent - highly specific (generally species-specific) - can pass through gut of predators intact, as warning

26 Other cutaneous senses
touch few detectors – shark fins; head, barbels of bullheads mating behaviors (use of breeding tubercules) parent-young communication in catfish, cichlids, damselfishes

27 Other cutaneous senses
temperature teleost cutaneous temp. sensitivity to 0.03C change can distinguish rise from a fall in temperature elasmobranchs detect temperature change with ampullae of Lorenzini


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