1. Chapter 16.4 – Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms
light bends or refracts when it moves from one medium to another
the light bends because it changes speed
if light slows down it bends toward the normal
if light speeds up it bends away from the normal

2. Chapter 16.4 – Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms
the refraction causes a virtual image to form in the other medium
a mirage is a virtual image caused by refraction in the atmosphere
hot air above the road causes light to bend away from the road giving an image of the sky

3. Chapter 16.4 – Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms
shorter wavelengths bend more than longer wavelengths when changing speed
prism –
in optics, a system that consists of two or more plane surfaces of a transparent solid at an angle with each other

4. Chapter 16.4 – Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms
dispersion –
in optics, the process of separating a wave of different frequencies into its individual component waves
rainbows are formed by the dispersion of light by water droplets in the air

5. Chapter 16.4 – Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms
a transparent object that refracts light waves such that they converge (focus) or diverge (spread out) to create an image
has a curved surface

6. Chapter 16.4 – Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms
concave or diverging lens –
bends light outward and creates a virtual image
the virtual image is upright and smaller
used in telescopes and cameras to extend focal lengths

7. Chapter 16.4 – Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms
convex or converging lens –
bends light inward
when the object is far from the lens the image is real and inverted
if the object is closer than the focal point the image is virtual, upright, and enlarged
used in magnifying glasses

8. Chapter 16.4 – Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms
magnification –
the increase of an objects apparent size by using lenses or mirrors
microscopes use multiple lenses to magnify an object
the objective lens forms an enlarged real image
the eyepiece lens magnifies the real image to form an enlarged virtual image

9. Chapter 16.4 – Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms
the eye contains a lens
light enters the eye through the cornea – a transparent tissue
light then goes through the pupil – the black part of the eye that controls how much light enters the eye
light then hits the lens which changes shape to focus on objects at different distances
the light is focused on the retina at the back of the eye

10. Chapter 16.4 – Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms
the retina is made of rods and cones
there are 3 kinds of cones which pick up the primary additive colors
the rods detect brightness, light and dark
you use cones during the day and rods when it is dark out

11. Chapter 16.4 – Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms
nearsighted –
cannot focus on far objects
light is focused in front of the retina
corrected with a diverging lens
farsighted –
cannot focus on near objects
light is focused behind the retina
corrected with a converging lens