1. Bellringer
Classify the following as an element, compound, homogeneous mixture, or heterogeneous mixture.
Granite
Diamond
Gatorade
Rust
Classify the following as physical or chemical changes.
Water is heated and turns to steam
A rock is broken apart by weathering
Grass grows on a lawn
Don’t forget I need you to submit the assignment on Google Classroom by TONIGHT (Tyree, Emily, Jayla, Sydney, Sharon, Meredith, Ryan, Maddie, Chloe, Jocelyne, Natasha, Julia, Fabienne, Shane, Emeline, Payten – have done)

2. Minerals

3. Minerals 5 characteristics of a mineral – Naturally-occurring
Inorganic
Solid substance
Specific chemical composition
Crystalline structure

4. Minerals
Naturally-occurring – formed by natural processes, not man-made
Quartz is found naturally, so it is a mineral
Cubic zirconium is man-made, so it is NOT a mineral
Cubic Zirconium
Quartz

5. Minerals Inorganic – not formed by anything that was ever alive
Salt is a mineral, while sugar (which comes from plants) is not
Coal (which comes from fossilized plants) is not a mineral

6. Minerals
Solid -- has a definite shape and volume

7. Minerals
Specific chemical composition – made of the same elements/compounds each time
Some minerals (ex: copper, sulfur, gold) are made of single elements
Most, however, are made of compounds (elements bonded together)
Example: quartz (SiO2) always consists of one silicon bonded to two oxygen atoms
Quartz

8. Minerals
Granite is made of a variety of minerals, so it does not always have the same chemical composition
Granite is a rock (NOT a mineral)

9. Minerals
Crystalline structure – atoms in minerals are arranged in repeating geometric patterns
This structure is found in every mineral on an atomic level

10. Crystalline habit – the external expression of a mineral’s internal crystalline structure
Minerals must grow without interference or obstacle in order to outwardly show their crystalline shape
Examples: Salt will form cubes; Quartz forms hexagons

12. Minerals
There are over 3000 minerals in Earth’s crust, but only about 30 are common
The most common of those 30 are called rock-forming minerals

13. Minerals Rock-forming minerals are made of these 8 common elements
1. Oxygen
2. Silicon
3. Aluminum
4. Iron
5. Calcium
6. Sodium
7. Magnesium
8. Potassium

14. Mineral Formation Minerals can form in a variety of ways Cooling Magma
Precipitation
Evaporation

15. Mineral Formation Cooling Magma
Magma -- hot, molten rock under the Earth’s crust
Magma cools more slowly than lava
Above the surface = lava
Below the surface = magma

16. Mineral Formation
The type and amount of elements present in the magma determine what minerals will form
The rate at which magma cools determines the size of the mineral crystals
Cooling slowly forms large crystals
Cooling quickly forms small crystals
Large crystals
Small crystals
No crystals

17. Mineral Formation Precipitation
When liquids become supersaturated with dissolved solids, mineral crystals begin to precipitate, or drop out of solution
Example: this is how the rock limestone (made from the mineral calcite) is formed

18. Mineral Formation Evaporation
When water evaporates, the dissolved solids are left behind and may arrange into minerals
Example: salt flats in deserts

19. Mineral Groups Classified based on the elements that make them up
7 Main Groups

20. Mineral Groups
Silicates – minerals that contain the elements silicon and oxygen (and usually one or more other elements)
Most common mineral group (since Si & O are most abundant elements in Earth’s crust)
Examples: feldspar, quartz

21. Mineral Groups
Carbonates -- minerals composed of at least one element bonded to a carbonate compound (CO3-2)
Second most common mineral group
Example: Calcite (CaCO3)

22. Mineral Groups Oxides – composed of oxygen and a metal
Examples: Hematite (Fe2O3) and Magnetite (Fe3O4)
The mineral uraninite is valuable because it is the source of uranium, used in nuclear power plants

23. Mineral Groups Other Groups: Sulfides – contain sulfur (ex: pyrite)
Sulfates – contain sulfate (SO4-2) (ex: gypsum)
pyrite
gypsum

24. Mineral Groups Other Groups:
Halides – contain chlorine or fluorine (halogens) along with Ca, Na, or K
Ex: halite (salt)
Native Elements – pure elements that occur by themselves
Ex: silver (Ag), copper (Cu), diamonds (C), graphite (C)
halite
graphite
diamond

25. Bauxite (ore) is mined for its aluminum content
Mineral Groups
Ores – any minerals that contains a useful substance that can be mined for a profit
Ores found near Earth’s surface are mined in open-pit mines
Bauxite (ore) is mined for its aluminum content

26. Mineral Groups
Gemstones -- beautiful, rare, valuable minerals that are cut and polished for jewelry.

27. Identifying Minerals
Minerals are identified based on their physical properties
Color -- the most obvious property of a mineral, also the least reliable
Small amounts of impurities can give the same mineral different colors
Yellow, blue, and red… all the same mineral (sapphire)

28. Identifying Minerals
Luster – how light is reflected off a mineral’s surface
Metallic – shiny like gold or silver
Nonmetallic – pearly, vitreous (glassy), resinous (resin-like), silky, earthy (dull)

29. Identifying Minerals Texture -- how the mineral feels
Examples: smooth, rough, greasy, glassy, etc.

30. Identifying Minerals
Streak – the color of a mineral in its powdered form
The mineral is rubbed on the back of a porcelain tile
The streak color can be different than the mineral’s color
Example: gold and fool’s gold

31. Identifying Minerals
Hardness -- resistance of a mineral to being scratched

32. Higher numbered minerals scratch lower numbered minerals.
Identifying Minerals
Ranked on the Mohs hardness scale
Softest – Talc, 1, all other minerals scratch it
Hardest – Diamond, 10, scratches all other minerals
Moh’s hardness scale
Higher numbered minerals scratch lower numbered minerals.

33. Identifying Minerals
Cleavage – when a mineral cleaves (breaks) evenly along a plane
Examples: calcite, mica
Fracture – when a mineral breaks with rough, jagged edges

34. Identifying Minerals
Density – the mineral’s mass divided by its volume
Displacement – measuring the increase in water’s volume in order to measure the mineral’s volume

35. Identifying Minerals Some minerals have special properties
Magnetite attracts to magnets
Calcium carbonate bubbles with the addition of acid (effervescence)
Sulfur smells like rotten eggs

36. Identifying Minerals
Halite is the mineral form of sodium chloride (salt), so it tastes salty.
It is usually colorless or white, but impurities can make it light blue, dark blue, purple, pink, red, orange, yellow, or gray

37. Mineral Lab Listen carefully to all directions!
Pick up a mineral bag and a materials bag
Streak plate = white plate
The numbers DO NOT matter
You MUST have 3-4 people in your group
When you are finished, put the minerals back in the minerals and materials back in their respective bags