1. CHAPTER 11: NORTHWESTERN EUROPE

2. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Beginning course details and/or books/materials needed for a class/project.

3. LANDFORMS
Northern European Plain: stretches from southeastern England across Germany
Southern edge very fertile
Covered in LOESS: fine, yellowish topsoil made of silt and clay, carried and deposited by wind
A schedule design for optional periods of time/objectives.

4. LANDFORMS CONTINUED Alps are just south of NEP
Created by folding crust
Shaped by glaciation
Forms a crescent running from southern France, through Switzerland and Austria, into the Balkan Peninsula
Mont Blanc is highest peak (15,771 ft)
Objectives for instruction and expected results and/or skills developed from learning.

5. LANDFORMS CONTINUED Central Uplands Lies between Alps and NEP
Low, rounded mountains, hills, plateaus, scattered forests
Rich in natural resources
Relative vocabulary list.

6. FINAL LANDFORMS British Isles
Consist of 2 large islands: Great Britain and Ireland
Thousands of small islands
Rocky cliffs on coast
Mountains, plateaus, valleys in north
Low hills, rolling plains in south
A list of procedures and steps, or a lecture slide with media.

7. NETHERLANDS AND WATER 25% of country is below sea level
Dutch have built DIKES: large banks of earth and stone that hold back water
Created POLDERS: low- lying area from which seawater has been drained to create new land
Example graph/chart.

8. RIVERS Thames River: England; runs through London
Rhine River: most important in NW Euro; flows from Swiss Alps into Netherlands
Seine River: begins in central France and flows to English Channel
Example graph/chart.

9. RIVERS CONTINUED Loire: largest in France
Rhône River: begins in Swiss Alps, flows through France; important for hydroelectric power
Danube River: runs from Germany’s Black Forest (Schwarzwald) into Eastern Europe; empties into Black Sea
Conclusion to course, lecture, et al.

10. CLIMATE Mild climate throughout
Due to North Atlantic Current (warm ocean current)
Warm water is brought from the Caribbean and travels along Northwestern Europe
An opportunity for questions and discussions.

11. CLIMATE CONTINUED Wind blows warm air across Northern European Plain
Reaches Alps and cools
MISTRAL: northerly wind from the Alps that cools southern France
FOEHNS: dry, winter wind blowing down leeward side of Alps; melts snow, causes avalanches

12. BIOMES
Mild climate creates soils rich in humus (decaying leaves and organic material)
Mix of deciduous and coniferous trees
Wildlife: deer, bears, numerous songbirds

13. NATURAL RESOURCES Abundant coal and iron
Vast oil deposits under the North Sea
Substantial timber
Hydroelectric power
Peat in Ireland

14. SECTION 2: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
A long, complex history shaped by migration, ethnic differences, wars, revolutions, and peaceful integration. It’s like one big soap opera.

15. ROMAN INFLUENCE Rome built towns, roads, and cities throughout Europe
Christianity became official religion of Rome and spread
Rome’s collapse left Europe vulnerable to Germanic tribes

16. CRUSADES
1095 A.D.: Pope Urban II calls for Christians to reclaim Holy Land
Unsuccessful but did open trade
Ideas and technology spread

17. RENAISSANCE
Late 1400s
Renewed interest in cultures of ancient Greece and Rome
Inspired major changes in art, politics, culture, and religion

18. PROTESTANT REFORMATION
1517: Martin Luther nails 95 Theses to church door
Wanted to reform Catholic Church
Created Protestantism
Weakened power of Catholic Church

19. ENLIGHTENMENT
Early 1700s
A movement that values reason and questioning tradition
Created a sense that society can improve
Enlightenment philosophers influenced the creation of the U.S.

20. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Mid-1700s
Going from human labor to machines
Great Britain is epicenter

21. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CONT.
IR helped create INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM: businesses use profits to expand company
Poor working conditions for labor
Leads to rise of COMMUNISM: idea that society should be based on public ownership and communal control of property

22. WORLD WAR I ( )
Central Powers (Germany, Austria- Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria) vs. Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia)
Treaty of Versailles: ; blamed Germany, demanded reparations
Angered Germany

23. WORLD WAR II (1939-1945) Adolf Hitler takes control of Germany in 1933
Leader of Nazi Party (National Socialist German Worker’s Party)
Carried out HOLOCAUST: mass murder of 6 million Jews during WWII

24. COLD WAR Def: the power struggle btwn USSR and the US after WWII
Germany divided into East and West (Berlin Wall)
Reunited in (thanks David Hasselhoff)

25. EUROPEAN UNION
1957: Treaty of Rome signed, creating the European Economic Community (EEC)
2009: Lisbon Treaty finalizes legal aspects of the union
European Union is official

26. SECTION 3: PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

27. HUMAN IMPACT
NW Europe consumes lrg amts of nat. resources and produce a lot of waste
This increases pollution
Overfishing has depleted resource
Roads and railways have isolated animals

28. IMPACT CONTINUED
Manufacturing and heavy use of vehicles has increased air pollution
Increased ACID DEPOSITION: wet and dry airborne acids that fall to the ground

29. ADDRESSING THE ISSUES
EU countries now face legal action with environmental laws
Burn natural gas instead of coal
Climate change a big concern there

30. KYOTO PROTOCOL
KYOTO PROTOCOL: amendment to the international treaty on climate change designed to reduce amt of greenhouse gases emitted by specific countries
Sets emissions targets
Establishes CAP AND TRADE: a limit is placed on emissions and businesses/countries can buy/sell emissions allowances