UNIT 1.

UNIT 1

FOUNDATIONS OF GOVERNMENT
Chapter 1

PURPOSES AND ORIGINS OF GOVERNMENT
Chapter 1 Section 1 PURPOSES AND ORIGINS OF GOVERNMENT

What is government and its purpose?

POWERS OF EVERY GOVERNMENT
What is government? GOVERNMENT POWERS OF EVERY GOVERNMENT The institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies. Legitimate and functioning governments create order, protect people, and give them ways to settle disagreements fairly and peacefully. Without government, anarchy will exist. -without government and laws Legislative – power to make laws and to frame public policies Executive – power to execute, enforce, and administer law Judicial – power to interpret laws, determine meaning of laws, and to settle disputes that arise within the society

What is a constitution? Constitution The body of fundamental laws setting out the principles, structures, and processes of a government.

What is the purpose of government?
Providing Leadership “set priorities and make all sorts of decisions on behalf of the people” Examples: What actions are crimes? How much to pay in taxes? Maintaining Order “try to control conflict between people by placing limits on what individuals are permitted to do” Examples: court system, police Providing Public Services “providing services that individuals cannot or would not do on their own” Examples: schools, sewers, roads, parks Providing National Security “protecting the people against attacks from another county or by terrorists” Examples: military, FBI, CIA, National Guard, TSA Providing Economic Security and Economic Assistance “negotiating trade deals, encourage trade…..providing many people with basic food, clothing, and housing” Examples: NAFTA, Food stamps, Medicaid

What is the purpose of government?
“The Walking Dead” Explain how you might feel if you were in this situation. Consider what kinds of people or groups might “do well” in an environment like this. Propose a way that the situation may have been prevented or controlled and by whom.

STATE State Examples of States Defined as a body of people living in a defined territory, organized politically (government), and with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority

States are often called “nation” or a “country”.
What makes a state? FOUR CHARACTERSITICS OF A STATE Every state in the world possesses four characteristics, each of which may vary widely from state to state. Population Territory Sovereignty Government Large or small, every state must be inhabited – that is, have a population. Every state must have land, with known and recognized borders. The state has absolute power within its territory. It can decide its own foreign and domestic policies. Government is the mechanism through which a state makes and enforces its policies. States are often called “nation” or a “country”.

Why is Florida not a “state”? Why do we call Florida a “state”?
Is Florida a state? Why is Florida not a “state”? Why do we call Florida a “state”? Florida has: Defined territory Population Government But lacks, sovereignty Underneath the Articles of Confederation, the individual states had the power.

U.S.A vs. Florida USA FLORIDA POPULATION TERRITORY GOVERNMENT
√ TERRITORY GOVERNMENT SOVERIEGNTY

Origins of the State Many theories have been developed to explain the origins of the state. These include the force theory, the evolutionary theory, the divine right theory, and the social contract theory.

The Force Theory The force theory holds that an individual or group claims control over a territory and forces the population to submit. The state then becomes sovereign and those in control form a government.

Evolutionary Theory The evolutionary theory says that a population formed out of primitive families. The heads of these families became the government. When these families settled in one territory and claimed it as their own, they became a sovereign state.

Divine Right Theory The divine right theory holds that God created the state, making it sovereign. The government is made up of those chosen by God to rule a certain territory. The population must obey their ruler.

Social Contract Theory
The social contract theory was developed by philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau and has had the greatest influence on United States government. This theory holds that the people chose to give the state enough power to promote the well-being of everyone and that all political power comes from the will of the people. Checkpoint Answer: This theory holds that the people entered a voluntary contract with the state in which they provided it with power in exchange for the state providing safety and promoting the well-bring of the people. In this theory all political power is based upon the will of the people. 17

1.1 Review Questions What is sovereignty, and why is it an essential element of a state? What is government, and what are its basic functions? Why was government created? Give two examples of a state. Which of the major theories of the origins of a state are each of the following? The emperor was chosen by God to rule China. A father or grandfather ruled over a family or tribe. A leader and some of his followers gained control by intimidating people to carry out important work People hated anarchy, so they gave up their freedom for order

Chapter 1 Section 2 TYPES of Government

What principles guide different types of government?

Who Can Participate? Democracy Dictatorship
Supreme political authority rests with the people. Direct Indirect Constitutional Monarchy King or Queen is limited by law Exists where those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people. Autocracy Absolute Monarchy Oligarchy Theocracy Government ruled by a religious authority (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Vatican City)

DICTATORSHIP (oldest form of government) Indirect (Representative)
Who Can Participate? DEMOCRACY DICTATORSHIP (oldest form of government) Direct (Pure) Indirect (Representative) Oligarchy Autocracy Occurs when the will of the people is translated into laws directly by the people. Works only on a small, local level. A group of person chosen by the people to express the will of the people. Widely used on a national, State, and local level. Government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite. Government in which a single person holds unlimited power. Example: Town meetings Example: Legislator votes Examples: China, Russia Example: North Korea

Where is the Power? Distribution of Power
Power can be distributed between central (national) and local governments in three different ways. Federal Government Confederate Government Unitary Government Powers of government are divided between a central government and several local governments. The National government and the State are co-equal partners in the federal system. Is an alliance of independent states Most power belongs to the local (regional) governments. The central government has only limited power. All powers held by the government belong to a single, central government Power resides with the central government, which creates local governments. Most common form of government. Local Central Central Local Central Local

What is the Relationship between the Executive and Legislative Branch?
Presidential Parliamentary Separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches. Branches are independent of one another, but coequal. Chief executive is chosen independently of the legislature. Example: USA Executive branch is made up of the prime minister or premier Prime minister and cabinet members are a part of the legislative branch The chief executive is chosen by the leading party in the legislature. Example: Great Britain

DEMOCRACY UNITARY FEDERAL
1. Who can participate? Democracy/Dictatorship 2. Where is the power? Unitary/Federal 3. What is the relationship between the legislative and executive branches? Presidential/Parliamentary DEMOCRACY PARLIAMENTARY PRESIDENTIAL UNITARY FEDERAL Botswana France India Brazil Costa Rica United States

DICTATORSHIP UNITARY FEDERAL
1. Who can participate? Democracy/Dictatorship 2. Where is the power? Unitary/Federal 3. What is the relationship between the legislative and executive branches? Presidential/Parliamentary DICTATORSHIP PARLIAMENTARY PRESIDENTIAL UNITARY FEDERAL Cuba Syria

Principles of Democracy
While no democracy is a perfect democracy, there are certain principles that guide them.

Citizen Participation this is both a duty (something you have to do) and a responsibility (something you should do) Regular Free and Fair Elections most adult citizens should have the right to vote-regardless of their race, gender, ethnicity, and level of wealth. Additionally, obstacles should not exist that make it difficult for people to vote.

Accepting the Results of Elections ignoring or rejecting election results violates democratic principles….democracy depends on a peaceful transfer of power The Rule of Law no one is above the law…everyone must obey the law and will be held accountable

Majority Rule with Minority Rights societies make most decisions according to what the majority want, but people not in power are allowed to organize and speak out Accountability elected and appointed officials are responsible for either actions and have to be held accountable

Transparency government holds public meetings and allows citizens to attend or learn what happened Limited Government and a Bill of Rights government is limited in its power and people are guaranteed certain rights

Control of the Abuse of Power to protect against corruption through the use of “checks and balances” or through the use of independent agencies Economic Freedom the government allows some ownership of land and business

Equality all individuals should be valued equally and should be free from unreasonable discrimination Individual or Human Rights respect and protection is given to all people (freedom of movement, religion, speech, and assembly)

Independent Judiciary the judicial system should be fair and impartial and without influence or control from the legislative and executive branch Competing Political Parties rival parties make elections meaningful because they give voters a choice of candidates and policies

Compromise process of blending and adjusting competing views and interests

Is the United States a Democracy?
Technically…..no. The United States is classified as a republic. The difference In a republic, a constitution or charter of rights protects certain inalienable rights that cannot be taken away by the government, even if it has been elected by a majority of voters. In a "pure democracy," the majority is not restrained in this way and can impose its will on the minority.

1.2 Review Questions Name a point in history when the U.S had a unitary system, a confederate system, and a federal system. What are two advantages and two disadvantages of a unitary, confederate, and federal systems of government? Why don’t we have a direct democracy in the United States? What is the difference between a presidential system and a parliamentary system?

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Chapter 1 Section 3 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

What is the role of government in different types of economic systems?

Fundamentals of Economics
Economics is the study of how people and nations use their limited resources to attempt to satisfy wants and needs. A key function of government is to make essential decisions about the economy. Governments can exert almost total control over their economy (North Korea) or very little control (United States) Economic systems are classified in two ways 1. how the economies actually work (traditional, command, market) 2. political ideology that is connected to how they work (capitalism, socialism, communism)

The Role of Government in Economic Systems
Characteristics Capitalism -Individuals own land, labor, and capital -Emphasizes the freedom of choice and individual incentives -Private ownership -Competition among businesses Socialism -Government owns land and capital -Individuals own the labor -Government makes major decisions about production -Government decides how to use resources and distributes wealth more equally among people Communism -Government owns land, labor, and capital -No social classes -Government ownership

1.3 Review What two economic systems can also be classified as command economies? Why? What are the main goals of capitalism? What is the difference between socialism and communism?

Chapter 1 Power-Point Activity
On a scale of 1-10, rate each of the principles of democracy based on your impression of how well we are doing in the United States. When you have finished, add up the total “democracy score” you gave the United States. When you have completed this, find the three principles that you gave the lowest score. In 2-3 sentences, how could we do a better job of promoting democracy in the United States.

ORIGINS OF AMERICAN GOVERNMENT
Chapter 2

GOVERNMENT IN COLONIAL AMERICA
Chapter 2 Section 1 GOVERNMENT IN COLONIAL AMERICA

What influenced the development of our government institution?

REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT
Basic Concepts of Government The English Colonist brought to North America three Basic notions that helped shaped the government of the USA. LIMITED GOVERNMENT Government is restricted in what it can do (not absolute) Each individual has rights that the government cannot take away REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT Government in which people elect delegates to make laws and conduct government The idea that government should serve the will of the people People should have a voice of what the government should and should not do

Landmark English Documents
Limited government, and representative government can be traced to several landmark documents in English history. The MAGNA CARTA – provides protection against the government (guaranteed limited government) The PETITION OF RIGHTS – limited the king’s power. The ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS –protected citizens rights

An English Political Heritage
Magna Carta 1215 Government is not all-powerful Provided for the basis of limited government Protection against unjust punishment, loss of life, liberty, and property Certain taxes could not be levied with out popular consent Petition of Rights 1628 Severely limited the king’s power Could not collect tax without Parliament’s consent Could not imprison people without just cause No quartering of troops without permission of the homeowner Cannot declare marital law unless the country was at war English Bill of Rights 1689 Set clear limits on what a leader could or could not do Stated Monarchs do not have absolute authority; rule with consent of the people Must have consent from Parliament to suspend laws, levy taxes., maintain army; right to fair and speedy trial People protected against cruel and unusual punishment

FOUNDATIONS OF AMERICAN RIGHTS Virginia Bill of Rights
The rights established in these landmark documents were revolutionary in their day and influenced government in many countries. 1215 Magna Carta 1689 English Bill of Rights 1776 Virginia Bill of Rights 1791 Bill of Rights Trial by jury √ Due Process Private Property No Cruel punishment No excessive bail or fines Right to bear arms Right to petition No unreasonable search or seizures Freedom of speech Freedom of press Freedom of religion

New Political Ideas The influence of the English Bill of Rights was felt directly in the American colonies. The colonist believed the document applied to them and that they had the same rights as people living in Britain. The king, however, saw the colonists as subjects of the British Empire without the same rights as those living in Britain.

New Political Ideas European philosophers and their ideas about government deeply influenced the American colonists These ideas challenged the idea of the supreme authority of rulers, and their ideas began to consider different ideas about what makes a government legitimate.

European Legal and Political Thought
Sir William Blackstone Thomas Hobbes John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau Charles-Louis de Montesquieu Believed that the source of all human law was derived from the Bible and that no human law should contradict it Believed that man was evil and that government was needed to protect the people. He believed that government should be all powerful and that the executive’s power is absolute Believed that man is good and that government is wanted to benefit the public. He believed that government could be overthrown and that power should be shared between legislative and executive Believed that man is good, but society can corrupt man (which is why government is needed) He believed that government was needed but should be directly controlled by the people (power in the people) Believed in the importance of separating the powers of government because true freedom can’t occur while power resides with one person

Colonial Government Each of the 13 colonies had its own government consisting of a governor (usually appointed by the king), a legislature (somewhat elected), and a court system. The colonies had some local authority, but most of the authority came from the king. There were three types of colonies Royal: directly controlled by the king and carried out the wishes of the king (North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Georgia, New Hampshire, and New York) Proprietary: an individual or small elite group essential owned the colony and reported directly to the king (Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania) Colonial: were generally self-governed/granted by the king via joint stock company (Rhode Island and Connecticut) By the end, all of the colonies were royal colonies

2.1 Review Explain the differences between a representative government and a limited government. Compare and contrast the three English landmark documents List the 13 colonies of the United States Describe how life might be different in the different types of colonies. In your own words describe the political beliefs of the five European philosophers.

UNITING FOR INDEPENDENCE
Chapter 2 Section 2 UNITING FOR INDEPENDENCE

Why and how did the colonists declare independence?

The Colonies on Their Own
For more than a century, relations between the colonies and Great Britain were peaceful. As a result of the distance between the American colonies and Great Britain (3,000 miles/2 month trip) the colonists grew accustomed to governing themselves. Two events changed this relationship 1. The French and Indian War A costly war that left Britain with a huge debt and the need to keep standing army in the colonies to protect the colonies from Native Americans 2. The crowning of King George III In 1760, King George III becomes king, replacing his grandfather (King George II). King George III started to deal with the colonies more “firmly”.

Taxing the Colonies Great Britain responsible for: Colonial defense
Foreign affairs Uniform money system Market for colonial trade Before the war, few taxes were taken from the colonies After the war, King George III levied taxes on tea, sugar, glass, paper, and other products As a result of these taxes, colonial resentment began to grow. In addition to the increase in taxes, British Parliament passed laws that regulated colonial trade that benefited Great Britain, but not the colonies

Stamp Act Britain’s harsh tax and trade policies brought resentment to the colonies The Stamp Act of 1765, was the first direct tax on the colonies. This tax required the colonists to pay a tax on legal documents, pamphlets, newspapers, and even dice and playing cards The Act was denounced by the colonies because they thought the taxes were too high This tax brought the colonies together; they formed the Stamp Act Congress Nine of the thirteen colonies sent delegates Sent a letter to the King called the Declarations of Rights and Grievances Parliament repealed the Stamp Act; frictions still mounted Even though none of the participants talked about independence, it is widely considered the first organizational step towards American independence.

First Continental Congress
Britain continued to pass other tax laws and regulations on the colonies. As a result of these actions, the colonists engaged in more protests and began to form organizations to urge resistance to the British. On September 5, 1774, delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies (Georgia), met in Philadelphia for the First Continental Congress. The purpose of the group was to decide what to do about the relationship with Britain. While some called for independence, the group decided to impose an embargo and call for a boycott. They also wrote a letter to King George III called “The Declaration of Rights” to declare the issues of the colonists with British policies. They proposed a second meeting the following year to see if British policies had changed.

Second Continental Congress
By the time the group met for the second time (all 13 colonies) on May 10, 1775, fighting had already began between the two sides (Lexington and Concord) The Congress immediately assumed powers of a central government. The Congress chose a president, organized a military, made plans to issue money, purchased supplies, negotiated treaties, and rallied support for the colonists’ cause. By June of 1776, Congress finally introduced a resolution of independence from Britain. On July 2nd, 1776 Congress approved the resolution. After the resolution passed, Congress created a committee to prepare a written declaration of independence. On July 4th, 1776 Congress approved the final draft.

Key Members of the Second Continental Congress
John Hancock President of the Second Continental Congress George Washington Commander of the Continental Army Richard Henry Lee Introduced the resolution of Independence Thomas Jefferson Considered the author of the Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence

2.2 Review Questions Why did the relationship change between the King of England and the American colonies? Why do some people considered the Second Continental Congress the first government of the United States? What are the four parts of the Declaration of Independence? What specific demands were outlined in the Declaration of Independence? Name five grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence.

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
Chapter 2 Section 3 THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

What influenced the development of our government institutions?

Government under the Articles of Confederation
The plan for the new government of the United States, authored primarily by John Dickinson, was simple by design. Approved in March of 1781 by all 13 states (Third Continental Congress), the plan created a confederation, or “league of friendship” among the states. The confederation would be called the United States of America and changed the designation of the colonies to States. Each state would have significant independence since the plan called for a very weak central government. The plan for the central government included The plan for the central government included: No National Court System No President Unicameral Legislature State’s sent delegates to the Congress, but only one vote per state The only powers of the central government were the specific powers given to it under the Articles

Articles of Confederation

Government under the Articles of Confederation
The National Government Could: Could make peace and war Send and receive ambassadors Make treaties Borrow money Set up a money system Establish post offices Build a navy; raise an army Fix uniform standards of weights and measures Settle disputes among states The National Government Could Not: Establish an executive branch Collect taxes Regulate trade Pass any law without the consent of nine states Amend the Articles without consent of all of the states The States were only required to: Treat citizens of other states fairly and equally Recognize other state’s laws and judicial proceedings State’s agree to surrender fugitives from one justice to another Allow open travel and trade between and among the states

Weakness of the Articles
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation One vote for each State, regardless of size Congress powerless to lay and collect taxes or duties Congress powerless to regulate foreign and interstate commerce No national court system No executive branch Amendment only with consent of all States A 9/13 majority to pass laws Articles only a “firm league of friendship” The powers of the Congress appear, at first glance, to have been considerable. Several important powers were missing, however. Their omission, together with other weaknesses, soon proved the Articles inadequate to the needs of time. Congress DID NOT have the power: to tax!

Problems during the Articles Period
After the War, the nation faced serious money problems. States created different currencies and taxed each other which made trade difficult. States and individuals were struggling to pay off their creditors States ignored the requests from Congress to help fund the national government After a few years, it was clear that the Confederation could not effectively deal with many of the nation’s problems By 1787, after multiple rebellions in several states and the realization that the government was unresponsive to the will of the people, delegates from the states met to propose changes to the Articles. The purpose of this meeting was to revise the Articles of Confederation, not to abandon the Articles, but after a few months it was decided that a new government was needed.

2.3 Review Questions How did the Articles of Confederation reflect colonists’ experience with government? What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? What events led to the dismantling of the Articles of Confederation?

CREATING THE CONSTITUTION
Chapter 2 Section 4 CREATING THE CONSTITUTION

What influenced the development of our government institutions?

The Constitutional Convention
In May 1787, the Constitutional Convention began in Philadelphia George Washington was selected to preside over the meetings While many men helped to construct the new document, James Madison, the main author of the basic plan for the government, is considered the “Father of the Constitution” All of the 55 delegates favored a new government based on the ideas of limited and representative government, that power needed to be divided among three branches, the it was necessary to limit the power of the states to make a stronger national government. The great debate was over how to put these ideas into practice.

The Virginia and New Jersey Plans
Virginia Plan Vs. New Jersey Plan The large states Favored by: The smaller states Strong national government National Government: Weak national government/confederation One executive Executive Branch Multiple executives Bicameral-based on population Legislative Branch Unicameral-based on equality 1 or more Supreme Tribunals with inferior courts Judicial Branch Weak Supreme Tribunal

Additional Disputes Slavery
At the time of the convention, many Northern states were working on plans to abolish slavery. The issue was that Southern states would never accept the Constitution if it called for the end of slavery Representation and Taxation Almost 1/3 of the people living in the Southern states was a slave The Southern states wanted these people counted as part of the population of the Southern states. The Northern states didn’t want to count them as part of the population, but wanted to count them for taxation purposes. The President After it was decided that the new government would include a president, there was a disagreement over how this person would be chosen Would the president be chosen by the people, by Congress, the states, or by a different method

Compromises

Additional Compromises
President Chosen by an “electoral college” Judicial Branch Judiciary Act of 1789 The Convention chose to leave it to the Congress to create the specifics of the judiciary besides the creation of one supreme Court “The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.” National Government Stronger federal government with specific enumerated powers

Ratifying the Constitution
By September 17, 1787, the Constitution was complete. In order for it to become the law, 9 of the 13 states needed to ratify (approve) the new constitution. The issue of ratification, quickly divided the people in the states.

The Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Favored ratification of the Constitution Their supporters came from many of the Founding Fathers, merchants, and people living in cities and coastal regions (wealthy”) Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists argued that only a strong national government would solve the issues in the county Anti-Federalists Opposed the ratification of the Constitution Their supporters came from farmers and labors (“common man”) Led by Thomas Jefferson, the Anti-Federalists argued that the new government took too much power from the states and that lacked a bill of rights to protect the people from this new stronger government

A New Government Eventually the Federalists promised to add a bill of rights as soon as the new government met. As soon as this promise, more states favored ratification In June of 1788, New Hampshire became the 9th state to ratify Even though the Constitution had been approved it was still important for Virginia and New York to ratify the Constitution since they were the two most powerful states On May 29, 1790, Rhode Island became the final state to ratify the Constitution.

A New Government One the new government was established, George Washington was elected president, and John Adams was elected as vice president. On March 4, 1789, Congress met for the first time in Federal Hall in New York City, the temporary capital. As promised during the first session of Congress, James Madison introduced a set of amendments that later became known as the Bill of Rights

2.4 Review Questions What elements of the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan were incorporated into the Connecticut Compromise? How did the Three-Fifths Compromise satisfy states in the North and the South? What was the strongest argument made by the Federalist? What was the strongest argument made by the Anti-Federalist?

Chapter 2 Power-Point Activity
After learning about the beliefs of Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau, which of these philosophers do you agree with about the evilness/goodness of man and the need for government? Write a ½-3/4 page response to this question. I am looking for your opinion!!!!!

Unit 2 Preview…The Constitution

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