1. Kent C. Armstrong, President
TerraStryke Products, LLC
284 Depot Street / P.O. Box 254
Andover, New Hampshire USA
—————————-
950 Fennell Avenue, Suite 105
Hamilton, Ontario CDN
L8V 1X2
Cost-Effective In-Situ Remediation Biostimulation as a Residual Source Mass Remediation Strategy

2. What are perceived/real limitations to in-situ remediation?
Multiple Site deployments
Smear Zone contaminants
Rebound
Subsurface Propagation/Distribution
Treating or Vacating
Low Permeability
Microbial Populations Sufficient?
Do we need to augment
Guarantees?

3. What is Biostimulation
Providing sources of food or respiration for native microbials
To enhance abilities to degrade site contaminants
Minimal Site Impacts
Maximum Performance
Cost-Effective Remediation

4. What can we do for you? Eliminate/Minimize Multiple Deployments
Extend Effect-Residency Time
Expedite the Solubilization of Smear Zone Contaminants
Eliminating Rebound
Increase Subsurface Propagation/Distribution
Minimal pore-space volume displacement with greater AOI
Maximum Solubility Enhances Diffusion into Low Perm Areas
Eliminate Augmentation
Enhance Native/Indigenous Microbial Populations
No Guarantees; but…
Performance Based/Creative Contracting Always Entertained

5. What will we observe? Increase in microbial densities and performance
Expedited solubilization (flux) of residual source mass
co-solvent effect (cVOC sites)
natural biosurfactant production (PHC sites)
increased microbial communication
Enhanced contaminant bioavailability
residual source mass destruction
Superior dissolve phase destruction

6. Products ERDenhanced™ Application: chlorinated alkanes/alkenes
Contents: carbon and saturated carbohydrate
formulated with proprietary macro-micro nutrient blend
Patented formulation
realize complete biotransformation
shorten remediation timeframes
extended effect-residency time >7-years
expedited solubilization (flux) of residual source mass

7. Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination ERDENHANCED™
Reductive Dechlorination = Substitution of H+ for Cl-
Treatment Zone Conditions
Anaerobic (<0.5 mg/L DO)
Chemically Reducing (<50 mV ORP)
Hydrogen (“Fuel” for Dechlorination)

8. cVOC Biotransformation Pathway

9. Enhanced Reducing Conditions
Nitrate Reduction/Respiration
NO3-
(+5)
NO2-
(+3) NO
(+2)
N2O
(+1) N2
Manganese/Iron(III) Reduction/Respiration
Mn4+
Mn2+
Fe3+
Fe2+
Sulfate Reduction/Respiration
SO42-
H2S
C6H6
CO2
Ethene, Ethane, Methane Production
Presence of Free Cl-
Enhanced Reducing Conditions

10. Iron – Manganese Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
O2 e- consumption complete
Anaerobic Conditions
Nitrate Respiration
Iron – Manganese Respiration
Sulphate Respiration
Methanogenic Conditions
CO2 Respiration
Complete cVOC Biotransformation

11. Bridgeport Ohio: Former Manufacturing Facility ERDenhanced
Former Electronics Manufacturer
Water Table Aquifer hydraulically connected to unconsolidated alluvial sediments atop fractured sandstone bedrock
TCE (Parent cVOC) present in fractured sandstone with significant residual source mass
Vertical component downward at source,upward at downgadrient discharge along river

12. Bridgeport Ohio: Former Manufacturing Facility ERDenhanced
Conceptual Site Model
≈15’ to ≈20’ of Overburden overlying Sandstone
≈10’-Thick DNAPL in Highly Fractured Sandstone
Baseline [cVOCs] 50 to 100 mg/L
Pump and Treat Implemented Since 2004
Parent Daughter Molar Ratio (P:PD Ratio) 78%-97%

13. Bridgeport Ohio: Former Manufacturing Facility ERDenhanced
14-month evaluation period using four existing 2-inch groundwater monitoring wells
3 of 4 amended w/additive filled Passive Release Sock deployment units (MW-30A, MW-31A, MW-38A)
4th well used as Control (MW-32A)
PRS units suspended in saturated screened interval of each test well throughout evaluation period
PRS units contain ≈2lbs additive, remain 6-8 weeks
Multiple PRS replacement events with performance groundwater samples collected concurrently

14. Bridgeport Ohio: Former Manufacturing Facility ERDenhanced
Determine additive efficacy of under actual biogeochemical conditions
Passively amend 1-2m AOI to enhance native microbial dehalorespiring community
Evaluate geochemical changes resulting from amending
Evaluate biological changes resulting from amending
Evaluate changes in cVOC concentrations and molar fractions as a result of amending with ERDenhanced™

15. Bridgeport Ohio: Former Manufacturing Facility ERDenhanced
Per test well, a total of 24-lbs ERDenhanced™ deployed, to amend an approximate 250-cubic foot evaluation zone
Assumed 25% effective porosity

16. PRS Pilot Study Groundwater Monitoring Metrics
Field Parameters
ORP, DO, pH, Temperature
Geochemistry
Nitrates (NO3)
Diss. Iron/Manganese (Fe/Mn)
Sulphates (SO4)
Ethane/Methane/Ethene (MEE)
Chloride (Cl-)
Analytical
Contaminant of Concern (EPA 8260)
Microbial
Quantaray-Chlor
DHC Interpretation
Indicator Metrics
Additive efficacy determine by comparing baseline data to performance data collected throughout the evaluation period

17.  PRS Pilot Study Schematic
Ground surface
Passively amend saturated screened interval
Creating 1-2 meter area-of-influence (AOI)
Replace PRS units every 6-8 weeks
Bridgeport evaluation extended 
Monitoring Program
Baseline
Each replacement event
Non-purge
Low-flow
6-8 replacement events typical
Groundwater Flow Direction
Area of Influence
Not for compliance testing
Reproducible, not scalable

18. 14-month overall reductions:
Bridgeport Ohio: Former Manufacturing Facility
ERDenhanced Summary of Results
MW-30A Baseline
[TCE] 32,000 ug/L
[cVOCtotal] 32,900 ug/L
no [VC/Ethene]
14-month overall reductions:
>99.4%↓ [TCE]
>98.1%↓ [cis-DCE]
>96.9%↓ [VC]
>99.3%↓ [cVOCtotal]

19. Bridgeport Ohio: Former Manufacturing Facility
ERDenhanced Summary of Results
MW-30A
ORP drops significantly in response to additive deployment
Remains in conditions supportive of enhanced reductive dechlorination long past deployments
Methane concentrations rise in response; however, subsequently decrease to baseline levels
cVOCs drop rapidly and stay down after additive availability exhausted

20. 99.98%↓ [TCE] 89.7%↓ [cVOCtotal]
Bridgeport Ohio: Former Manufacturing Facility
ERDenhanced Summary of Results
MW-31A
99.98%↓ [TCE] 89.7%↓ [cVOCtotal]
MW-38
99.4%↓ [TCE]
82.9%↓ [cis-DCE]
92.8%↓ [VC]
250%↑ increase [Ethene]

21. Importance of P:PD Molar Ratio Contaminant Reduction?
ORP mV SO4 mg/L
TCE ug/L
Time of surface Water Intrusion

22. Solution to Pollution….Biotransformation! not dillution!
ORP mV SO4 mg/L
TCE ug/L
Period of No Biotransformation of Parent TCE Contaminant
Potential Start of Biotic Activity
No Change in P:D Ration Regardless of [SO4] or [TCE]
Parent Daughter Ratio

23. Bridgeport Ohio: Former Manufacturing Facility ERDenhanced
February 2014 BioTraps® inserted in amended and Control Pilot locations for DHC Census
Amended well Dehalococcoides spp. populations ranged 1.99x102 to 1.24 x 104 cells/bead
Control location DHCs <2.05 x 101 cells/bead
Biomarkers tceA, BAV1, and VC Reductase recorded at all amended locations, not at Control

24. Bridgeport Ohio: Former Manufacturing Facility ERDenhanced
June 2017; 4-years post PRS deployments
Control and PRS amended well MW-38A
Groundwater sampled and submitted to Microbia-Insights for QuantArray-Chlor analysis
At time of sample collection:
[cVOCs] 99% less 2013 Baseline levels
MW-38A recorded DHCs 5.92 x 102
Control recorded <5.00 x 101

25. Bridgeport Ohio: Former Manufacturing Facility ERDenhanced
Optimizes syntrophic behaviours between dechlorinators and fermenters
Rebalances community composition as ecologic conditions change
Enhances biosurfactant production – expedites solubilization of DNAPL
Increases contaminant bioavailability for enhanced native dechlorinators to respire
Enhances biofilm development:
Physical protection
Inorganic/organic nutrient trap
Facilitates the channeling of limiting resources to enhanced microbial populations
Increases effect-residence time by serving as a hydrogen sink after additive is depleted
Increases community interactions likely increasing bulk fraction of dechlorinators (recruits!)

26. QUESTIONS?? TerraStryke Products, LLC P.O. Box 254, Andover NH