1. Photovoltaic key figures 2016
Guillaume Razongles, Nouha Gazbour

2. Environmental footprint
Summary
Slides 3 to 4
Slides 5 to 7
while:
3.96 c€ product
1.58 c€ maintenance & operation
1.21 c€ capital
Additional costs and losses for the existing grid:
1 to 2 c€/kWh
Cumulative capacity
Installed in 2016 : 72.6 GWp (48% ground)
whose 7.3 GWp in Europe
Cumulated end 2016 : 310 GWp (32% ground)
whose 102 GWp in Europe
PV part in the global electric mix : 1.2 %
PV part in the european electric mix : 4 %
PV electricity cost
310 GWc
(+32%)
6,8 c€/kWh
Environmental footprint
Slides 8 to 11
Recycling
Slides 12 to 13
Scenario of the European Product Environmental Footprint (% total mass) :
Energy Pay-Back
Time = 1.43 ans
EROI = 21.5
Water consumption
= 0.8 L/kWh
Ozone depletion
= kg CFC-11 eq /KWh)
2015 Rates: Recovery : 75%
Re-use and recycling : 65%
Recycling (Glass, copper, aluminium) : 82.2%
Carbon footprint
= 41 g CO2 eq/kWh
(french electricity = 114 gCO2 eq/kWh)
Incineration - prod energy (plastics) : 9.4%
Enfouissement (cellules) : 8.4%
Additional informations
Slides 14 to 18
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

3. Global power installed between 2005 and 2016
Installations
Global power installed between 2005 and 2016
Source:
JRC PV status report 2016
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

4. Cumulative Installed PV power between 2005 et 2016
Installations
Cumulative Installed PV power between et 2016
Source:
JRC PV status report 2016
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

5. European geographic average weighted by the location of the plants
Solar irradiance
Annual solar irradiance received by PV Modules optimally inclined in European urban environments on kWh/m².year
Source:
PVGIS
2130
Southen Europe
Most cases in Europe
South Central Europe
1690
European geographic average weighted by the location of the plants
1496
Northen l’Europe
1070
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

6. LCOE (c€/kWh) Cost of the PV on ground ≈ 5.50 ≈ 4.50 ≈ 6.75 ≈ 5.60
Calculations based on data from JRC (European community )
Observed price on the Germany market (BNA)
Price calculated in Europe with Germany price structure (BNA, SPE)
Le LCOE (Levelized Cost Of Energy) define the total cost of energy estimated aver the life time of the project.
6.75 c€/kWh, include
3.96 c€ product
1.58 c€ maintenance & operation
1.21 c€ capital
Sources:
JRC PV status report 2014
JRC PV status report 2016
5th German call for tender from BNA (Grids Federal Agency)
Global Market Outlook de Solar Power Europe (SPE)
2130
≈ 5.50
Madrid
≈ 4.50
1690
≈ 6.75
Bordeaux
≈ 5.60
1496
6.89
7.25
≈ 8.78
Berlin
7.41
1070
7.77
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

7. PV COST :additional costs and losses from the exiciting grid
Additional costs and losses for the exciting grid, estimated for 2 to18% of PV penetration in the grid, in €/MWh :
Equals 1 to 2 c€/kWh
Greece imports a lot of electricity, any local production relieves its network.
Source:
PV Parity EU
Reading : 10 €/MWh equals 1 c€/kWh
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

8. Environmental footprint : Assumptions of the study
PV system parameters :
Solar Irradiance kWh/m².year (1)
Initial Performance Ratio % (2)
Degradation Rate % par an (3)
Life Time ans (3)
Electricity Mix Representative of the global PV production (4)
Installation Type Open ground with optimal angle
Technologies Efficiencies (5)
System Boundary Manufacturing and installation of the modules
European Geographical average of the solar irradiance weighted by plants location , based PVGIS data,
Current trends of the initial Performance Ratio Tendance observed by Fraunhofer ISE (p28)
Average value based on hundred plants ( Presented by the NREL on the 3è Atlas/NIST Workshop on PV Materials Durability). 30 years is a service life genarally admitted for the plants and conform the commercial garantees.
(4) Electricity mix weighted by the market share of the PV materials ( PV market 2014). ( « GLO » of EcoInvent 3.1)
(5) Efficiencies 2016 of the top 10 : mono-Si 16.7%, multi-Si 16.1%, Cdte 15.6%, CIGS 13.8%.
NREL study :
Photovoltaic Degradation Rates - An Analytical Review
Evolution of the PV plants life time overtime (based on publications date) 
Tools and data sources :
Software
SimaPro 8.1
Data sources
Ecoinvent V3.1 & CEA-INES
Methods of the assesment of the impact categories :
Energy demain (CED)
Cumulative Energy Demand V1.09
Energy Pay Back Time
EPBT = CED. Grid efficieny Annual Production
Energy Return on Energy Invested
EROI = Life Time EPBT
Carbon Footprint
IPCC2013GWP100a.V1.02
Ozone depletion
ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ , V1.06
Water depletion
Pfister et al 2009 (Water Scarity)
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

9. Carbon Footprint (g CO2 eq/kWh)
Environnemental footprint
Carbon Footprint (g CO2 eq/kWh)
Energy Pay Back Time (years)
Energy Returned On Invested (EROI)
Mono-Si standard
Multi-Si standard
Cdte standard
CIS standard
Market share 2015 *
24%
69% 5% 2%
* Sources : Fraunhofer ISE report 2016
Carbon Footprint (g CO2 eq/kWh)
EPBT (years)
EROI
Weighted average
40.68
1.43
21.50
Chiffres clés du photovoltaïque 2016

10. Environmental Footprint
Carbon Footprint
(g CO2 éq/kWh)
EPTB
(years)
EROI
EPTB = Energy Pay-Back Time. Reading : After 1.43 year , the PV module has produced the same amount of energy consumed to manufacture it. EROI = Energy Return On energy Invested. Reading :The module generates 21.5 times more energy during its lifetime than it demands to manufacture it.
2130
29.2
1.03
29.3
1690
40.7
1.43
21.5
1496
58.2
2.06
14.7
1070
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

11. Ozone depletion (kg CFC-11 éq /KWh)
Environmental FOOTPRINT : Comparison with other sources of electricity
Ozone depletion (kg CFC-11 éq /KWh)
Software : SimaPro 8.01
Method : IPPC2013, GWP 100 ans , V1.1
Software : SimaPro 8.01
Method : Pfister et al 2009 (Water Scarity)
Software : SimaPro 8.01
Method ILCD 2011 Midpoint + ,V1.06)
Carbon Footprint of 1 kWh of the french mix 114
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

12. Treatments et valorisations
Recycling
End of life or defective PV modules are treated according to the WEEE directive since 2012
PV Cycle® leading European organization is offering EU-law compliant take-back and recycling solutions
2015 rates*:
Recovery : 75%
Reuse and Recycling: 65%
Expected rates 2018 :
Recovery : 85%
Reuse and Recycling: 80%
CABRISS** Project goal:
Recovery: 90%
Recycling: 90%
The PEFCR PV recycling scenario *
Recycling 82,2%
Incineration 9,4%
Landfill 8,4%
Treatments et valorisations
Cooper
0.442 kg/m²
Recycling
Recycling
Glass
7.93 kg/m²
Glass wool production
Dismantling
Chemical treatment or
Thermal and mechanical treatment
Collection
Aluminium
3.42 kg/m²
Recycling
Incineration /Energy production
Sources :
* PEF screening report of electricity from photovoltaic panels in the context of the EU Product Environmental Footprint , 2015
** H2020 European project started in 2015 Project aiming to recover the Indium, Silicon and Silver on PV modules within a circular economy
Plastics
Cells
Landfill
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

13. Recycling Exemple of a full scenario of recycling ( FRELP Project) :
Source:
ENEA Consulting
Projet RECORD
Source :
Recycling WEEE: Extraction and concentration of silver from waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic module (2016)
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

14. Additional information
Record efficiencies in laboratory
Source:
click on Efficiency Chart
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

15. Additional information
Costs
Learning curve of module price as a function of the production volume
Sources :
Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF)
PV News
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

16. Addiational information
Costs
Economic analysis of the effects of the German law on renewable energies.
Source:
German Federal Ministry for the environment, the nature preservation, et nuclear safety
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

17. Additional information
Costs
Estimations of the LCOE ($/MWh) in the United States by the investment Lazard bank
Source:
Lazard's - Levelized cost of energy analysis 9.0
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

18. Volume (GWp) (Production ou Livraison)
Additional information
Top 20 PV producers en 2015
Position
Companies
Volume (GWp) (Production ou Livraison) 1
Trina Solar
5,7 2
Canadian Solar Inc
4,7 3
JinkoSolar
4,5 4
JA Solar
3,9 5
Hanwha
3,3 6
First Solar
2,9 7
Motech Solar
2,5 8
Yingli G.E
2,4 9
Shunfeng CE
2,8 10
Neo Solar P.C
2,0 11
Tongwei Solar
1,6 12
Zhongli Talesum Solar
1,5 13
Gintech E.C
1,4 14
Risen Energy
1,3 15
Sun Power
1,2 16
Kyocera
1,1 17
Changzhou
1,0 18
Hareon S.T 19
Solartech E.C 20
Solar Frontier
0,9
Market shares for the different PV technologies and top 20 of the PV producers around the world 7%
69%
24%
Sources :
Fraunhofer ISE report 2016
JRC PV status report 2016
Photovoltaic key figures 2016

19. Thank you for your attention
Plants of Cestas (Gironde)
Power : 300 MWc (Bigger PV plants in Europe )
Orientation : East-West
Installer : Neoen (French)