1. Electrical Energy Conservation

2. Institution of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Pakistan
An Introduction to
Electrical Energy Conservation
Presented by
Engr. Tahir Saleem
CEO United Engineering Services
Chairman IEEEP
2-C Mezzanine Floor 15th Commercial Street
Phase II Ext. DHA Karachi Pakistan.
Ph: Fax:

3. Electrical Energy Conservation
Phase I
Project Management
Management Commitments
Energy Conservation – A Project
Phase II
Technical Awareness
Energy Audit
Lighting System
Electric Motor
Power Quality
Tariff

4. Project Management

5. Management Commitments
Efficient Use of Energy
Use of Resources
Identification of Opportunities
Establishment of Criteria
Financial Feasibility & Monitoring

6. Energy Conservation – A Project “
Project Approach helps;
Focused management
Effective change management
Stakeholders identification & management
Goals setting
Resource application & optimization
Monitoring & Control

7. Focused Management The Project Phases are defined
Deliverables of each phase are established
Responsibility assigned for each phase & deliverable
Resource application for each phase & optimization
Monitoring & Control of deliverables in each phase

8. Change Management Ascertain the requirements Find Existing Status
Establish the gap - Change Required
Dealing with Human Factor
Training for change in habits
Incentives / Punishment

9. Stakeholders Sr., Management Middle management Operational team
Workers
Maintenance team
External Electrical Inspectors/linemen
Vendors & suppliers-Electrical goods

10. Goal Setting Clear objective Set Standard Compare results
High light achievement

11. Resource Application & Optimization
Set intervals of Monitoring
Depute Staff for Control
Monitor the Results
Optimize your results with set standards
Prepare Financial Feasibility

12. Financial Feasibility & Monitoring
Feasibility Study
Energy Auditing
Selection of Tariff Structure
Energy Monitoring & Control

13. Technical Awareness

14. Energy Audit

15. Energy Audit Basic Philosophy Historical Analysis
Preliminary Energy Survey for Future Investigation
Detail Technical Assessment and Financial Feasibility

16. (Basic Components of Energy efficient Program)
Working Strategy For Energy Efficient Program
(Basic Components of Energy efficient Program)

17. Lighting System

18. Lighting System Fundamental of Lightings Lighting Level Needs
Efficient Lamps / Lighting Fixture
Installation & Maintenance
Lightning Control
Lighting Design

19. Most commercial buildings have 100s or 1000s of lamps – for many users the total potential savings are large. Techniques for achieving a safe, comfortable lighting system, with minimal energy waste include:
Matching lighting levels to the visual requirements of the tasks undertaken in the space.
Choosing the most efficient lamp(s) for the application.
 Cont. . .

20. Using efficient light fixtures (reflectors, shielding, housings).
Installing and maintaining the systems properly.
Using natural daylight to the fullest extent possible.
Installing devices to automatically control switching.
Both new and existing buildings offer large potential for cost savings in lighting.
 Cont. . .

21. 15% TO 20% is used in artificial lighting system
75% of this energy can be saved with modern application
500 LUX is generally required in developed countries
Cost for providing 500lux will not be more than a cup of tea per day
Bio medical research shows that up to 10% loss in productivity and efficiency if the lighting level is cut down from 500lux to 250 LUX
Percentage increase in error will be 10%

22. Electric Motor

23. Electric Motor Motor Sizing Motor Maintenance Motor Controller
Motor Drive
Variable Speed Drives

24. Motor Sizing
Motor can be correctly sized to match the load they are expected to drive.
Motor Selection
High efficiency motors, with improved efficiency ratings of up to 10% can be substituted for standard construction motors.
Motor Controls
Where the driven equipment does not have to meet a constant demand, controls can be used to reduce capacity and improve system efficiency.

25. Motor Over Sizing
In many applications motors will be oversized for the load they are serving due to a number of factors.
Designers add safety factors as insurance against failure in critical building systems, and calculated design load are usually conservative relative to actual operating loads.
Designers equipment such as fans, pumps or chillers, at the same time in the future.

26. The existing load is less than the initial design load due to energy management activities and changes in use.
Large motors can override load fluctuations without dropping out.
Voltage imbalances in three phase power supplies can cause increases in motor losses and so a larger motor is required to reduced the production losses.

27. Motor is under loaded if less then 60% of its rated capacity is utilized.
Motor is over loaded if load is more than 100% of the rated capacity.
Motor temperature rise is in excess of the rating difference in motion and ambient temperature is 80°C (144°F).

28. Voltage imbalance should not be more than 4% make further checks to see whether the imbalance is in the supply or due to the motor it self.
Current imbalance of more than 4% suggests investigations of the causes of unbalance, i.e. poor winding, unbalanced voltage etc.

29. About 70% world electrical load is consumed by electrical motors.
Over 50% of drive power can be saved as stated by industrial research organization.
Motors are generally run about 50% of its capacity.
Losses accounts for 40% to 80%.
Motors are largest abuser of energy consumption.

30. NASA in early 70 stated that motors could operate efficiently by effective control.
Motors operate at its maximum efficiency at 80% of its full load.
At lower load motor efficiency drops resulting in heat vibration noise etc.

31. Motors can control its input power requirement according to its torque requirement.
Generally motors are oversized to miscellaneous reasons.
Oversized motors on variable load with fixed speed, led to extremely energy inefficient.
Conventional flow control methods are inefficient.

32. Power Quality

33. Power Quality Energy losses Premature aging of equipment
Production losses

34. Ideal Power Quality

35. Poor Power Quality

36. Harmonics Spectrum

37. Energy Losses due to Power Quality
A rectangular supply voltage provokes 20% increase in losses.
A supply voltages with THDV =10% result in additional 6%
Transformer losses increase 10 to 15%
Derating of generator will be 10% where over all load of non linear characteristic is 30%
Increase in capital cost due to over sizes of equipment.

38. Effect of Harmonics Induction Motor
Thermal Losses
Effect of Harmonic Sequence Component
Explosion proof motors and voltage distortion
Effect Of Harmonics On Explosion Proof Motors
They are designed on pure sine waves, the rotor may overheat due to harmonics resulting hot rotor and damage of seals. Temperature exceed the T class .
EExd,EExe,EExp,EExN according toEN %voltage distortion is permitted . 3% voltage distortion is permitted for EExN asperEN o

39. Effects of Harmonics Effect of Sequence Components Voltage Distortion
Generators
Thermal Losses
Effect of Sequence Components
Voltage Distortion
Line Notching and Generators

40. Unbalance, Distribution, Transformers and Neutral Currents.
Thermal Losses
Unbalance, Distribution, Transformers and Neutral
Currents.
Transformer Derating.
Cables
Skin & Proximity Effects
Neutral System in four-wire system.
Additional effect Associated with Harmonic

41. Miscellaneous Effects
Effects and negative consequence
Conductor over heating / skin effect depending on frequency,
Capacitor failure
Faulty operation of fuse and circuit breaker
Increased stray losses in transformer resulting increase in iron,

42. Miscellaneous Effects
Copper or eddy current losses
Increased losses in generator / multiple zero crossing affect the timing of the voltage regulator, causing interference and operation instability
Incorrect recording by utility meters
Faulty operation of drives
Interferences in computer / telephone

43. Measuring Equipment
Telephones
Fuses
Relays
Capacitors
Radio, Television, Audio & Video Equipment
Circuit Breakers
UPS

44. Tariff

45. Tariff Review Tariff Structure Find Optimum Tariff
Reduce Maximum Demand
Reduce Power Factor Penalty

47. Latest Tariff of KESC 15th November 08

48. Latest Tariff of KESC 15th November 08

49. Latest Tariff of KESC 15th November 08

50. Latest Tariff of KESC 15th November 08

51. Questions are Welcomed
Thanks