1. Mammals (200 Mya)

2. Mammals (200 Mya): Permian Triassic.

3. Mammals (200 Mya)Triasic - Cretaceous:

5. Euryapsids

6. Four types of reptiles. Reptiles are put in four subclasses according to their skull design. Anapsids have no hole between the postorbital and squamosal bones. Synapsids have one hole displaced inferiorly and between these bones. Euryapsids have one hole displaced superiorly and between these bones, and diapsids have two holes between these bones, one superior and one inferior.

7. Synapsids

8. Pelycosaur

9. Name: Lystrosaurus Age: 250 million years ago Period: Late Permian-Early Triassic Size: 1 metre Location(s) found: Antarctica, South Africa, India, Russia, China, Mongolia Notes: Lystrosaurus was a barrel-chested herbivore and probably lived in an arid environment. It had a pair of tusks, robust legs and a stumpy tail. It is known from several specimens, including well-preserved skulls. The genus, or group, survived the extincition at the end of the Permian.
Lystrosaurus (250 Mya)

10. Cynogathus
(240 Mya)
Therapsids are a group of vertebrates that have both reptile and mammal traits. They were the dominant land animals around 260 million years ago and are the link between reptiles and mammals.
Name: Cynognathus Age(s): million yers ago Period: Early-Mid Triassic (Spathian-Anisian)     Size: 1m Location found: South Africa (Karoo region), Lesotho, Argentina, Antarctica, China Notes: The skull of Cynognathus possessed a secondary palate, allowing it to breathe and eat at the same time. It lacked ribs in the posterior trunk region, suggesting that it had an efficient diaphragm. Pits in the snout region of the skull suggest the presence of vibrissae (whiskers). Its name means 'dog jaw'

11. Distribution of various fossil plants and animals throughout Gondwana continents. The presumed fit of the continental margins during the Permian=Triassic period is also shown. Cynognatus was a carnivorous mammal-like reptile (therapsids) with a distinct dog-like skull, found in Triassic-period deposits in South America and Africa. Lystrosaurus was also a Triassic mammal-like reptile but larger than Cynognathus and probably herbivorous, with beak-like jaws and two large tusks. The genus Mesosaurus represents a fossil order of freshwater reptiles restricted to Permian deposits in Brazil and South America. The reptile was about 1.5 m in length with distinctive features of skull and limb. Glossopterus was a fossil plant with many features similar to seed ferns bearing also large tongue-shaped leaves patterned with many reticulate veins. These fossil leaves appear in all the Gondwana formations and date back to the early Permian period.

14. Science (2001) 292 p1496 (25May)

19. Early Jurassic mammals: Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium.
John Sibbick pictures the Early Jurassic mammals Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium hunting their favoured prey in what is now Glamorgan, southern Wales. Analysis of tooth wear and jaw biomechanics show that dietary specialization was already well under way.

20. Hadrocodium: Early mammaliaformes. (195 million years ago)
Hadrocodium, a new mammaliaform from the early Jurassic (195 million years ago) and evolution of mammalian characteristics. The organism was barely 2 g. Primitive ancestor before the divergence of monotremes and mammals.
Science (2001) 292 p1535 (25May).
Hadrocodium: Early mammaliaformes.
(195 million years ago)
Science 2001 vol292 p1535.

21. Jeholodens jenkinsi
(150 million years ago)

22. Jeholodens: early mammaliformes
(165 million years old)
Nature 1999, 398, p326.

24. Time-calibrated phylogeny of the eutherian Juramaia among other boreosphenidan mammals, and comparative morphology of some key molar features.
Time-calibrated phylogeny of the eutherian Juramaia among other boreosphenidan mammals, and comparative morphology of some key molar features. a, Basal eutherian and metatherian phylogeny from parsimony analysis of data set of ref. 24 (446 characters of 103 cynodont–mammaliaform clades; based on the strict consensus of 172 equally parsimonious trees (each with treelength 2,243; consistency index 0.373, retention index 0.803) from 1,000 PAUP heuristic runs, without any topology constraints and with all multi-state characters unordered, multi-state taxa interpreted as polymorphism). Placement of Juramaia in eutherians is significantly different (*P<0.050) from suboptimal hypotheses of Juramaia as either a boreosphenidan or a metatherian by Templeton tests. This topology is corroborated by a separate analysis on a different and complementary data set by refs 4, 5 (389 informative characters of 71 eutherian taxa and outgroups), by the strict consensus of 41 equally parsimonious trees, from 1,000 heuristic runs, without topology constraints and 33 multi-state characters ordered, multi-state taxa as polymorphism. Placement of Juramaia among basal eutherians is consistent with topologies from constrained search under molecular scaffolding of extant taxa in the main data set of ref. 24 and the complementary data set of refs 4, 5 (details in Supplementary Information). b, The increased en-echelon postvallum shearing of upper molars in the earliest eutherians17, in contrast to metatherians18 that lack a strongly developed postvallum shearing by metacingulum, except for the Late Cretaceous Pediomys1. Nodes (1) Cladotheria, (2) Boreosphenida1, 2, (3) crown Theria, (4) Eutheria (including Placentalia), and (5) Metatheria (including Marsupialia).
Z-X Luo et al. Nature 476, (2011)

25. Juramaia sinensis: Eutheria or placentals 160 Mya.
‘Jurassic Mother’ Found in China
A new, 160-million-year-old fossil discovery pushes back the earliest appearance of placentals, the peculiar group of mammals to which we and many other mammal species belong. Living mammals are split into three subgroups: egg-laying monotremes, pouched marsupials, and placental mammals, which includes everything from humans to bats to whales. Determining when marsupials and placentals diverged has been problematic: Fossil discoveries point to about 125 million years ago, whereas genetic differences among living mammals suggest that the split happened even earlier. Now the discovery of a partial skeleton of a small, shrewlike mammal, described online 24 August in Nature, pushes back the date of the divergence to 160 million years ago. Found in the famous fossil beds of Liaoning, China, the newly discovered little mammal has been named Juramaia sinensis, or “Jurassic mother from China.” Juramaia probably ate insects and was a skilled climber. Based on the arrangement of its teeth and on characteristics of its arms and wrists, Juramaia belonged to a group of animals called eutherians, a lineage that includes placentals and their forebears, says lead author Zhe-Xi Luo of the Carnegie Museum of Natural
History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Science 2 September 2011, 333 p1205

26. Juramaia sinensis Eutheria, 160 Mya
Holotype specimen of Juramaia sinensis, Beijing Museum of
Natural History (BMNH) PM1343B.
a, b, Specimen photograph and morphological identification. c, Restoration of the partly preserved skeleton and skull. d, Restoration of hand (ventral view; alignment of incomplete and scattered carpals is conjectural). Abbreviations: ac, acromion (scapula); ag, angular process (dentary); C, c, upper or lower canine; ca, carpals; cl, clavicle; cod, coronoid (dentary); cos, coracoid process (scapula); cv1–7, cervical vertebrae 1–7; dc, dentary condyle; ecc, ectepicondyle; enf, entepicondylar foramen; hh, humeral head; ht, humeral trochlea; I1–5, upper incisors 1–5; Ju, jugal; M, m, upper or lower molar; manus, hand; mc1–5, metacarpals 1–5; oc, occipital condyles; ol, olecranon process; P1–5, upper premolars 1–5; ph, phalanges; r1–13; thoracic ribs 1–13; ra, radius; sn, semilunar notch (ulna); sp., scapular spine; tv1–13, thoracic vertebrae 1–13; ul, ulna.
Z-X Luo et al. Nature 476, (25 August 2011)

27. Eomaia: common ancestor of the Eutheria or placentals.
(About 128 million years old)
Nature 2002, 416 p816.

28. Eomaia: common ancestor of the Eutheria or placentals.
(About 128 million years old)
Nature 2002, 416 p816.

29. Eomaia: common ancestor of the Eutheria or placentals.
(About 128 million years old)
Nature 2002, 416 p816.

30. Cronopio dentiacutus. Argentina. Theria, 100 Mya.
South American mammals from the early Late Cretaceous: Rougier et al.1 report the discovery in Argentina of two well-preserved, 100-million-year-old skulls from a previously unknown mammal, Cronopio dentiacutus. This artist's reconstruction reveals how the shrew-sized Cronopio might have looked. (Illustration by Jorge Gonzalez.)
Nature 3 November 2011, 479 p51-51=2.
Cronopio dentiacutus. Argentina. Theria, 100 Mya.

31. Cronopio dentiacutus MPCA 454 type skull and MPCA 453 right lower jaw.
GW Rougier et al. Nature 479, (3 November 2011)

32. Castorocauda Lutrasimilis(165 Mya) (Science February, 2006)
Large (800 g) member of the Mammaliaformes or Proto-mammals

34. Repenomamus robustus (130 Mya),
Theria hunting small dinosaurs.

35. Baby dinosaur

36. Repenomamus robustus (130 Mya) and dinosaur young in stomach
Most Mesozoic mammals were tiny, probably nocturnal and insectivorous. They are popularly seen, when thought about at all, as scampering to keep out of the way of the predatory dinosaurs. One specimen of a small feathered dinosaur, Sinosauropteryx prima, was found which contained remains of three individuals of small mammals, two Zhangheotherium and one of the multituberculate Sinobaatar. Not all Mesozoic mammals were so small, however. Repenomamus, a triconodont known from the famous fossil beds at Liaoning China that have produced so many beautiful early birds, is known from several dozen complete specimens. There are two species, Repenomamus robustus, about the size of the American opossum, and Repenomamus giganticus, about 50% larger. In Januray 2006, a complete skeleton of R. robustus was prepared and described which contained, in the area occupied by the stomach, the partial remains of a small herbivourous dinosaur, Psittacosaurus. The fact that some of the long bones were found in articulation suggests that "the juvenile Psittacosaurus was dismembered and swallowed as chunks."
Repenomamus robustus (130 Mya) and dinosaur young in stomach

37. Repnomamus gigantus (130 Mya)
Most Mesozoic mammals were tiny, probably nocturnal and insectivorous. They are popularly seen, when thought about at all, as scampering to keep out of the way of the predatory dinosaurs. One specimen of a small feathered dinosaur, Sinosauropteryx prima, was found which contained remains of three individuals of small mammals, two Zhangheotherium and one of the multituberculate Sinobaatar. Not all Mesozoic mammals were so small, however. Repenomamus, a triconodont known from the famous fossil beds at Liaoning China that have produced so many beautiful early birds, is known from several dozen complete specimens. There are two species, Repenomamus robustus, about the size of the American opossum, and Repenomamus giganticus, about 50% larger. In Januray 2006, a complete skeleton of R. robustus was prepared and described which contained, in the area occupied by the stomach, the partial remains of a small herbivourous dinosaur, Psittacosaurus. The fact that some of the long bones were found in articulation suggests that "the juvenile Psittacosaurus was dismembered and swallowed as chunks."
Repnomamus gigantus (130 Mya)

39. Mammals in the Cenozoic.

42. Indricothere: Paraceratherium
(Oligocene, 35 – 25 MYA)

43. Artist's impression of Eurotamandua, an Eocene (55 – 35 Mya) mammal similar to modern anteaters and pangolins, with its young and licking termites from a mound.

44. Chriacus was a small arctocyonid from the Paleocene (65 – 55 Mya), and has been found at sites in New Mexico and across the western United States. Chriacus is somewhat similar in size and probable lifestyle to coatimundi, who live in the mountains of southwest New Mexico today

45. Megatherium
Giant SLoth

47. Entelodon (late eocene, 40 Mya)
Here's a brand-new rendition of Entelodon from the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of western Europe, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and Japan (it's probably the most widely distributed entelodont), kindly provided by Jaime Chirinos of zooartistica.com and used with permission.
Closely related to Late Eocene-Oligocene Archaeotherium from North America, Entelodon was a large entelodont, with good remains of E. deguilhemi from France showing that it reached 1.3 m at the shoulder, and 65 cm in skull length. Archaeotherium and Entelodon had shallower skulls than the more familiar, gigantic entelodont of the Late Oligocene and Miocene, Daeodon (aka Dinohyus: it reached 1.8 m at the shoulder), but they would still have been formidable predators and scavengers. In the illustration here they're feeding on a dead horse.
Entelodon (late eocene, 40 Mya)

48. Archeothera (Oligocene North America, 30 Mya)

49. Titanothere

50. Glyptodon
(Giant armadillo)

51. Glyptodon
(Giant armadillo)

52. History of the Birds.

53. Dinosaurs: Saurischians: theropods: birds. (150 Mya).

56. Haplocheirus sollers
Dinosaur with bird features. (Western China, late Jurassic (160 Mya)
Science 29 January 2010, 327 p571
The fossil record of Jurassic theropod dinosaurs closely related to birds remains poor. Choiniere et al. (2010) reported a new theropod, Haplocheirus sollers (meaning simple, skillful hand), from the earliest Late Jurassic of western China represents the earliest diverging member of the enigmatic theropod group Alvarezsauroidea and confirms that this group is a basal member of Maniraptora, the clade containing birds and their closest theropod relatives. It extends the fossil record of Alvarezsauroidea by 63 million years and provides evidence for maniraptorans earlier in the fossil record than Archaeopteryx. The new taxon confirms extreme morphological convergence between birds and derived alvarezsauroids and illuminates incipient stages of the highly modified alvarezsaurid forelimb.

57. Sinosauropterix sp.

58. Archaeopteryx:
A transitional fossil between reptiles & birds

59. Microraptor gui (120 Mya)

60. Anchiornis Huxleyi (160 Mya)

61. Anchiornis Huxleyi
(160 Mya)

62. C. yangi's tailbis the longest of any flying dinosaur.
Please welcome the latest member of the growing club of flying dinosaurs, Changyuraptor yangi, pictured here in an artist's reconstruction. This latest specimen, found in 125-million-year-old sediments in northeastern China, was about 1.2 meters long and is related to a noted group of flying dinosaurs called Microraptor, which has provided important insights into the evolution of powered flight. Like Microraptor, the new specimen had feathers on all four limbs; but its feathery tail, which takes up about 30% of its total length, is the longest known among flying dinosaurs. Changyuraptor, described this week in Nature Communications, weighed 4 kilograms, making it among the heaviest flying dinosaurs known. As for its long tail, the dino probably used it to slow itself down when descending, thus avoiding crash landings.
American Association for the Advancement of Science Science 2014;345:
Published by AAAS

65. Giant terror birds of the Eocene

66. Terror birds of the cenozoic.