1. Recovery of brachiopod and ammonoid faunas following the end-Permian crisis: additional evidence from the Lower Triassic of the Russian Far East and Kazakhstan Yuri D. Zakharov and Alexander M. Popov

2. Fig. 1. (A) Location of study areas in the former USSR: 1 - South Primorye and 2 – Mangyshlak. (B) Study sections in the South Primorye area: 1 – Seruj-Tri Kamnya, 2 – Abrek, 3 – Konechnyj, 4 – Tobizin, 5 – Ayax-Balka, 6 – Zhitkov, 7 – Golyj, 8 - Parisic

3. Fig. 2. Stratigraphic ranges of latest Permian and Early Triasic articulated brachiopod and ammonoid families in South Primorye. Dark and light gray fields indicate known and inferred ranges of families; dots and horizontal lines indicate occurrences of some important (named) genera. Also shown are inferred evolutionary relationships among ammonoid families. Abbreviations: Changh.= Changhsingian; Terebr. = Terebratulida; Sp. = Spiriferinida; At. = Athyritida. )

4. Fig. 3. Articulated brachiopods from the Lower Triassic of South Primorye and Mangyshlak: 1 and 2. Lissorhynchia sp., two views of same specimen no , x 2, Seryj Cape, Dienerian Prelissorhynchia(?) sp. nov., four views of same specimen no.405-9(4), x 2, Dolnapa, upper Spathian Rhynchonellaceae gen. and sp. indet., four views of same specimen no (1), x 2, Tri Kamnya Cape, Smithian Rhynchonellidae gen. and sp. nov. A, four views of same specimen no (2), x 2, Tri Kamnya Cape, Smithian Rhynchonellidae gen and sp. nov. 2, four views of same specimen no , x 2, Tri Kamnya Cape, Smithian Lissorhynchia sp. nov., four views of same specimen no , x 2, Dolnapa, upper Spathian Hustedtiella planicosta Dagys, four views of same specimen no , x 2, Dolnapa, upper Spathian Spirigerellina sp., four views of same specimen no (2), x 2, Dolnapa, upper Spathian Lepismatina mansfieldi (Girty), four views of same specimen no (12), x 2, Dolnapa, upper Spathian Spiriferinidae gen. and sp. nov. A, four views of same specimen no. 20P, x 1, Paris Bay, upper Spathian.

5. Fig. 4. Stratigraphic range of Olenekian articulated brachiopod and ammonoid families in Mangyshlak. Abbreviations: Prolec. = Prolecanitida; Rhynch. = Rhynchonellida. See Figure 2 for further details.

6. Fig. 5. Post-extiction survival of Palaeozoic-type brachiopods and ammonoids. (Chen et al., 2005a,b; this study). Abbreviations: Capitan. = Capitanian; An. = Anisian. See Figure 2 for Early Triassic

7. Fig. 6. Early Triassic generic richness recovery of the brachiopod and ammonoid faunas. Number in parenthesis means number of genera in substages; number above the horizontal arrow indicates quantity of genera crossed the corresponding boundary interval (e.g., Dagys, 1974; Bogoslowskaya et al., 1999; Tozer, 1994; Ermakova, 2002; Chen et al., 2005; Shen et al., 2006; Brayard et al., 2006a,b; Mu et al., 2007; Brayard, Bucher, 2006, 2008; Zakharov et al., 2008; Shigetabet al., 2009; Brühwiler et al., 2010a,b, 2011a,b; Guex et al., 2010; Ware et al., 2011; this study). See Figure 2 for Early Triassic substages

8. Fig. S1 (Appendix). Observed stratigraphic distribution of Early Triassic brachiopods and ammonoids in the Seryj-Tri Kamnya capes section, South Primorye.

9. Fig. S2 (Appendix). Observed stratigraphic distribution of Early Triassic brachiopods and ammonoids in the Abrek Bay section, South Primorye. Other designations as in Fig. S1.

10. Fig. S3 (Appendix). Observed stratigraphic distribution of Olenekian brachiopods and ammonoids in the Tobizin Cape section, South Primorye. T – Tompophiceras ussuriensis, L – Lazurnaya Bay, “Hedenstr.” – “Hedenstroemia”. Other designations as in Fig. S1.

11. Fig. S4 (Appendix). Observed stratigraphic distribution of Early Triassic brachiopods and ammonoids in the Ayax Bay-Balka Cape area, South Primorye. Reg. substage – regional substage. Other designations as in Figs. S1 and. S3.

12. Fig. S5 (Appendix). Observed stratigraphic distribution of Olenekian and Early Anisian brachiopods and ammonoids in the Schmidt Cape-Tchernyschev Bay section, South Primorye. Sub. mul. – Subfengshanites multiformis, U.a. – Ussuriphyllites amurensis, Leoph. prad. – Leiophyllites pradyumna. B.d. – Bajarunia dagysi, Tirol. us. – Tirolites ussuriensis, reg. substage – regional substage. Other designations as in Fig. S1.

13. Fig. S6. (Appendix) Observed stratigraphic distribution of Olenekian and Early Anisian brachiopods and ammonoids in the Zhitkov Cape section, South Primorye. Designations as in Figs. S1 and S 5.

14. Fig. S7. Observed stratigraphic distribution of Early Triassic and Early Anisian invertebrates in the Golyj (Kom-Pikho-Sakho) Cape section, South Primorye. “Heden.” bosph. - “Hedenstroemia” bosphorensis, Neocol. – Neocolumbites, ?S.m. - ?Subfengshanites multiformis, reg. substage – regional substage. Other designations as in Figs. S1 and S5.

15. Fig. S8 (Appendix). Observed stratigraphic distribution of Olenekian brachiopods and ammonoids in the Paris Bay section, South Primorye. Designations as in Figs. S1 and S7. Sub. mul. – Subfengshanites multiformis, Leioph. prad. – Leiophyllites pradyumna, reg. substage – regional substage.

16. Fig. S9 (Appendix). Observed stratigraphic distribution of Olenekian brachiopods and ammonoids in the Dolnapa Well section, Mangyshlak. A – Anisian, Tir. cassianus-Kip. carinatus – Tirolites cassianus-Kiparisovites carinatus, Col. - Columbites, Ar.b.-S.u. – Arnautoceltites bajarunasi-Stacheites undatus, Eum. – Eumorphotis, K – Karadunskaya. Other designations as in Fig. S1

17. Fig. S10 (Appendix). Geographical differentiation of the recovery brachiopod faunas in the Induan (base map after Ziegler et al., 1998). Realms: I - Boreal, II – Tethyan Palaeoequatorial, III – American Palaeoequatorial, IV – Gondwanan (Zakharov et al., 2008). The arrows represent inferred major ocean currents. Localities: 1 – Primorye (Dagys, 1974; this study), 2 – Idaho (Girty, 1927), 3 – South China (Shen and He, 1994; Sheng et al., 1984; Liao, 1979, 1980, 1984, 1987; Xu and Grant, 1994; Chen and Shi, 1999; Chen et al., 2000, 2005); 4 – North Caucasus (Dagys, 1974), 5 – Salt Range (Grant, 1970; Kummel and Teichert, 1970), 6 – Nepal (Waterhouse, 1978, 1994; Waterhouse and Shi, 1991).

18. Fig. S11 (Appendix). Geographical differentiation of the recovery brachiopod faunas in the Olenekian (base map after Ziegler et al., 1998). Designations are as listed in Fig. S10. Localities: 1 – Spitzbergen (Dagys, 1974, 1993), 2 – Primorye (Dagys, 1974; this study), 3 – Japan (Dagys, 1974), 4 – Idaho (Girty, 1927; Hoover, 1979; Perry and Chatterton, 1979), 5 – Carpatian-Balkanian area (Jordan, 1993), 8 – South China (e.g., Xu and Liu, 1983; Chen et al., 2005), 9 – Tibet (Sun et al., 1981; Chen, 1983), 10 – Himalayas (Bittner, 1899a), 11 – New Zealand (MacFarlan, 1992).

19. Fig. S12 (Appendix). Geographical differentiation of the recovery ammonoid faunas in the earliest Induan (base map after Ziegler et al., 1998). Designations are as listed in Fig. S10. Localities (Zakharov et al., 2008; Brayard et al., 2006): 1 – Verkhoyansk area, 2 - Svalbard, 3 - Arctic Canada, 4 – Alaska, 5 – Greenland, 6 – Primorye, 7 – South China, 8 – Transcaucasia, 9 – Iran, 10 – Kashmir, 11 – southern Tibet, 12 – Himalayas, 13 - Oman.

20. CONCLUSIONS
1. Ammonoids exceeded their pre-crisis taxonomic diversity and abundance by the late Induan (latest Dienerian). In contrast, brachiopods never recovered their pre-crisis diversity and abundance anytime during the Triassic or later. The differential recovery patterns of brachiopods and ammonoids seem to be a result of physiological and behavioural differences, reflected in their different life modes and distributions in ecospace.

21. 2. Specifically, brachiopods were at a disadvantage during the Early Triassic because of the short duration of their motile phases, the need to find a suitable substrate for larval settlement, and the specificity of their trophic requirements. The contrast in recovery patterns was most evident at high palaeolatitudes.

22. 3. Diversification of Early Triassic brachiopods at high latitudes was quite restricted: no articulated brachiopods of Induan age, and only three genera of Olenekian age (Obnixia and Hustedtiella? (Dagys, 1974) and Aparimirhynchia (MacFarlan, 1992)) have been discovered in the Boreal realm. However, immediately after the end-Permian extinction event, ammonoids colonized and stably inhabited many regions in the Boreal realm throughout the Triassic. The contrast in recovery patterns for brachiopods and ammonoids was most evident at high palaeolatitudes.