1. Oklahoma City Community College
Protista Part II
BIO 2215
Oklahoma City Community College
Dennis Anderson

2. Phylum Euglenozoa
Leishmania
Leishmaniasis
12 million people

3. Sand Fly
Vector for leishmaniasis
Genus Phlebotomus

4. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Parasites form skin ulcers.

5. As many as 200 lesions may form causing disability and social stigma

6. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Central & South America
Destroys mucous membranes of nose & mouth

7. Visceral Leishmaniasis Kala Azar
Primarily occurs in Africa and Asia.
Characterized by irregular fever, weight loss, swelling of spleen & liver, & anemia.
Fatality can be 90% if untreated.

9. Phylum Apicomplexa Class Coccidea
Apical complex
Helps in penetrating host’s cells
Endoparasites
Movement
Male gamete
Male gametocyte

10. Plasmodium Malaria Most important parasitic disease of humans today
WHO estimates that 270 million new cases occur annually with 2 million annual deaths
Transmitted by bite of infected mosquitoes of genus Anopheles

12. Fig

13. Mosquito feeds on blood of infected host & ingests gametocytes

14. Gametes unite in mosquito stomach to form oocysts in wall of stomach

15. Oocysts

17. Sporozoites produced in oocysts by sporogony move to salivary glands of mosquito & are injected into next host

18. Sporozoites invade liver cells and undergo schizogony to produce merozoites

19. Merozoites invade circulating RBCs

20. Each merozoite produces as many as 36 new merozoites through schizogony in RBCs

21. Merozoites rupture RBCs to invade other RBCs
Simultaneous lysing of RBCs causes the sudden chills & fever typical of malaria

22. Gametocytes are produced in blood & ingested by mosquito to complete the cycle

23. Man
Mosquito
Sporozoites from mosquito bite
Ingest gametocytes
Sporozoites to liver
Fertilization in stomach
Oocyst forms
Schizogony to make merozoites
Merozoites enter RBCs
Sporozoites by sporogony
Schizogony to make merozoites
Sporozoites invade salivary gland
Merozoites become gametocytes
Bites man

24. Toxoplasma
Toxoplasmosis
Parasite
Cats, man, other mammals & birds

25. Fetus
Birth defects
Mental retardation
Aids Patients
Fatal infection

26. Toxomplasma

27. Eimeria
Coccidiosis
Birds and mammals
Bloody diarrhea

28. Coccidiosis

29. Coccidiosis

30. Phylum Cilophora
Cilia for movement

31. Trichocysts Released as a defense Long threadlike
Release triggered by mechanical or chemical stimulation

32. Phylum Cilophora
Paramecium
Movie

33. Fig

34. Phylum Cilophora Vorticella
Spiral stock attaches to substrate
Contract and extend
Cilia used to sweep food into mouth (see arrow)
Movie

35. Phylum Cilophora Stentor
Solitary
Use cilia to sweep food into mouth
Movie

36. Phylum Cilophora Didinium
Bands of cilia
Eats Paramecium

37. Phylum Cilophora Spirostoman
Up to 3 mm long

38. Phylum Dinoflagellata

39. Phylum Dinoflagellata
Two flagella
Transverse
Longitudinal
Some photosynthetic
Some heterotrophic
Some have cell wall made of plates
Red tide
neurotoxin

40. Fig

41. Zooxanthellae Photosynthetic dinoflagellates (brown) Live in corals
Provide nutrients for coral by photosynthesis
Mutualism

42. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Amebas

43. Amoeba proteus

44. Entomoeba histolytica
Amoebic dysentery
Transmitted by food & water contaminated with cysts
Bloody diarrhea

46. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Difflugia

47. Variations in Pseudopodia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Variations in Pseudopodia

48. Radiolarians Abundant in the ocean Siliceous test (shell)
Ocean floors covered
Forms sedimentary rock
Siliceous test (shell)
Skeleton made of silica
Numerous geometric designs

49. Radiolarian Tests

50. Foraminifera Secrete a test (shell) of calcium carbonate
Grow new chambers as organism increases in size
Foramen (opening) between chambers
Shells constitute vast deposits on ocean floors

51. Foraminifera Tests

52. White Cliffs of Dover, England
Foramifera deposits uplifted from ocean floor
Chalk

53. Pyramids of Egypt
Made of limestone from foraminera

54. Plankton Small organisms that drift in the ocean and freshwater
Pastures of the seas
Many different protozoans
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton

55. Which Animal Has A Higher Surface Area to Volume Ratio?

56. Which Organism Has A Higher Surface Area to Volume Ratio?

57. Smaller Organisms Have A Higher Surface Area To Volume Ratio
Advantage of more surface area/volume
Easier to get food
Easier to get oxygen
Disadvantage of more surface area/volume
Loose heat faster
Warm blooded animals have to consume more calories
Hummingbird eats 2/3 body weight each day
Need transport systems for food and oxygen

58. Symbosis
Living together
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism

59. Parasitism
Parasite benefits
Host harmed

60. Mutualism
Both organisms benefit from living together

61. Commensalism
Bird nest and tree
Bird benefits
Tree not affected

62. The End