1. Non-blood contacting biventricular support for severe heart failure
Mark P. Anstadt, MD, Sebastian A. Schulte-Eistrup, MD, Tadashi Motomura, MD, Ernesto R. Soltero, MD, Tamaki Takano, MD, Issam A. Mikati, MD, Kenji Nonaka, MD, Fernando Joglar, MD, Yukihiko Nosé, MD, PhD 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 73, Issue 2, Pages (February 2002)
DOI: /S (01)

2. Fig 1
Direct mechanical ventricular actuation illustrating the drive system, integrated atrioventricular (AV) pacemaker, and assistor cup. The device was vacuum attached to encompass the failing heart. Ventricular function was then augmented with positive pressure during systole (right) and negative pressure during diastole (left). Initiation of systolic actuation was synchronized with ventricular pacing during support.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (01) )

3. Fig 2
Left ventricular (LV) flow measured at the ascending aorta using an ultrasonic flow probe at baseline, during 1 h of pharmacologically induced biventricular failure (CHF), and during 3 hours of subsequent biventricular support using direct mechanical ventricular actuation (DMVA). Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation and indexed to the estimated body surface area (l/min/m2) (NS = not significant.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (01) )

4. Fig 3
Right ventricular (RV) flow measured at the proximal pulmonary artery using an ultrasonic flow probe at baseline, during 1 hour of pharmacologically induced biventricular failure (CHF), and during 3 hours of subsequent biventricular support using direct mechanical ventricular actuation (DMVA). Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation and indexed to the estimated body surface area (l/min/m2). (NS = not significant.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (01) )

5. Fig 4
Aortic pressures measured within the central descending aorta at baseline, during 1 hour of pharmacologically induced biventricular failure (CHF), and during 3 hours of subsequent biventricular support using direct mechanical ventricular actuation (DMVA). Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (01) )

6. Fig 5
Pulmonary arterial pressure measured within the proximal pulmonary artery at baseline, during 1 hour of pharmacologically induced biventricular failure (CHF), and during 3 hours of subsequent biventricular support using direct mechanical ventricular actuation (DMVA). Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (01) )