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scaffolding
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Standards-vertical members of frame work embedded into ground
Ledgers-horizontal members parallel to wall Putlogs-transverse pieces placed on ledgers which are supported on wall Transoms-putlogs with both ends supported on ledgers Braces-diagonal pieces Bridle-brige an opening in a wall it supports one end in putlog Guard rail-rail provided with ledger Raker- inclined support
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SINGLE SCAFOLDING
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Single scaffolding Widely used in brick work
Single row of standards at a distance of 1.2m Putlogs are placed at horizontal distance of 1.2 to 1.8m
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Stronger than single scaffolding
Two rows of standards are provided Distance between face of wall and first row of standards is 200mm to 300mm
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Cantilever or needle scaffolding
May be single or double scaffolding Needle supported on floor level
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Suspended scaffoldings
Used for maintainance works Working platform suspended from roof by ropes, wires or chains
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Trestle scaffolding Working platform supported by ladders, tripods mounted on wheels Height of this type of scaffolding is 5m fro supporting surface.
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TRESSLE SCAFOLDING
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Steel scaffolding Steel tubes effectively used for scaffolding work
Can be used to any height High intial cost Skilled labour required
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Patented scaffolding Made of steel
Use of working platform supported by bracket
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PATENDED SCAFOLDING
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SHORING
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shoring They are temporary structures
Structures become unsafe due to unsettlement of foundations or removal of adjacent building Shoring is required to prevent movements.
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Circumstances when shoring is required
Adjascent structures is diamantled Cracks due to unequal settlement of foundation Large openings in walls Poor workmanship
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Types of shoring Raking or inclined shores Flying or horizontal shores
Dead or vertical shores
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Raking shores Consist of wall plate ,needles,cleats,rakers, bracings,sole plate Rakers prevent outward movement of wall Large factor of safety is used for designed of inclined shores Rakers inclined at 45ᵒ Sole plate at ground
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Flying or horizontal shores
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Flying or horizontal shores
Horizontal support to parallel walls Consist of wall plate ,needles,cleats,struts etc Suitable for max distance of about 9m
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Dead or vertical shores
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Dead or vertical shores
Needles are supported by vertical members called shores. Used under following circumstances Lower part of wall is defective -foundations are deepened -lower part is to be rebuilt
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UNDERPINNING
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underpinning Placing of new foundation above existing foundation
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Circumstances used for underpinning
Building with deep foundations constructed to near building Settlement of existing foundation Basement is to be provided to existing building Existing foundations to be deepened
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