1. scaffolding

2. Standards-vertical members of frame work embedded into ground
Ledgers-horizontal members parallel to wall
Putlogs-transverse pieces placed on ledgers which are supported on wall
Transoms-putlogs with both ends supported on ledgers
Braces-diagonal pieces
Bridle-brige an opening in a wall it supports one end in putlog
Guard rail-rail provided with ledger
Raker- inclined support

3. SINGLE SCAFOLDING

4. Single scaffolding Widely used in brick work
Single row of standards at a distance of 1.2m
Putlogs are placed at horizontal distance of 1.2 to 1.8m

5. Stronger than single scaffolding
Two rows of standards are provided
Distance between face of wall and first row of standards is 200mm to 300mm

6. Cantilever or needle scaffolding
May be single or double scaffolding
Needle supported on floor level

7. Suspended scaffoldings
Used for maintainance works
Working platform suspended from roof by ropes, wires or chains

8. Trestle scaffolding
Working platform supported by ladders, tripods mounted on wheels
Height of this type of scaffolding is 5m fro supporting surface.

9. TRESSLE SCAFOLDING

10. Steel scaffolding Steel tubes effectively used for scaffolding work
Can be used to any height
High intial cost
Skilled labour required

11. Patented scaffolding Made of steel
Use of working platform supported by bracket

12. PATENDED SCAFOLDING

13. SHORING

14. shoring They are temporary structures
Structures become unsafe due to unsettlement of foundations or removal of adjacent building
Shoring is required to prevent movements.

15. Circumstances when shoring is required
Adjascent structures is diamantled
Cracks due to unequal settlement of foundation
Large openings in walls
Poor workmanship

16. Types of shoring Raking or inclined shores Flying or horizontal shores
Dead or vertical shores

17. Raking shores
Consist of wall plate ,needles,cleats,rakers, bracings,sole plate
Rakers prevent outward movement of wall
Large factor of safety is used for designed of inclined shores
Rakers inclined at 45ᵒ
Sole plate at ground

19. Flying or horizontal shores

20. Flying or horizontal shores
Horizontal support to parallel walls
Consist of wall plate ,needles,cleats,struts etc
Suitable for max distance of about 9m

21. Dead or vertical shores

22. Dead or vertical shores
Needles are supported by vertical members called shores.
Used under following circumstances
Lower part of wall is defective
-foundations are deepened
-lower part is to be rebuilt

23. UNDERPINNING

24. underpinning
Placing of new foundation above existing foundation

25. Circumstances used for underpinning
Building with deep foundations constructed to near building
Settlement of existing foundation
Basement is to be provided to existing building
Existing foundations to be deepened