1. Our skeletal system is made of bone and cartilage
The Skeletal System
Our skeletal system is made of bone and cartilage
Our first skeleton is made of cartilage
Most of the cartilage turns to bone, but some remains in the adult skeleton
Cartilage also connects bone and is found in the joints

2. Support – forms a framework that supports the body and soft organs
Function of Bones
Support – forms a framework that supports the body and soft organs
Protection – protects the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
Movement – provide levers for muscles
Mineral storage – stores minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus. Also store fat
Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis occurs within the red marrow of bones
Hematopoiesis is the process that makes bone

3. Take out your notes/classwork from Tuesday and Wednesday
Page 65 on functions of bone and types of cartilage

4. Skeletal Cartilage
Contains no blood vessels or nerves
Three types – hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

5. Provides support, flexibility, and toughness (resilience)
Hyaline Cartilage
Provides support, flexibility, and toughness (resilience)
Is the most abundant skeletal cartilage
Found in these cartilages:
Articular – covers the ends of long bones
Costal – connects the ribs to the sternum
Respiratory – makes up larynx, reinforces air passages
Nasal – supports the nose

6. Elastic Cartilage
It is able to bend
Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers
Found in the external ear and the epiglottis

7. Fibrocartilage
Withstands pressure and stretching
Highly compressed with great tensile strength
Contains collagen fibers
Found in meniscus of the knee and in intervertebral discs (between vertebrae)

8. Add the following to page 65: only the black part
Growth of Cartilage
Appositional – (from the outside) cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
Interstitial – (from the inside) lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within
Calcification of cartilage occurs
During normal bone growth
During old age

9. Bone classification sheet
This will be page 67

10. Classification of bone
Bone is classified two ways:
By where it is located on the skeleton
Axial & appendicular
By its shape

11. Classification of Bones: By where they are in the skeleton
Axial skeleton – bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
Appendicular skeleton – bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

12. New page of notes Page 69

13. Classification of Bones: By Shape
Long bones – longer than they are wide e.g., humerus
Figure 6.2a

14. Classification of Bones: By Shape
Short bones
Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
Bones that form within tendons
e.g., patella
Figure 6.2b

15. Classification of Bones: By Shape
Flat bones – thin, flattened, and a bit curved
e.g., sternum, and most skull bones
Figure 6.2c

16. Classification of Bones: By Shape
Irregular bones – bones with complicated shapes
e.g., vertebrae and hip bones
Figure 6.2d

17. Open your notes to pages 64.
10/7
Open your notes to pages 64.
Be ready to turn to pages 66 and 68. I am looking for summaries on pages 64 & 66 and a set of questions on page 68 (the post it note)
I will be stamping them!
While I am checking this review all notes on pages 65, 67 & 69
Take out a new sheet of paper for notes (page 71)
The essential question:
What is the structure & function of long bones?

18. Structure of Long Bone
Figure 6.3

19. Gross Anatomy of Bones: Bone Textures#7
Compact bone – dense outer layer
Spongy bone – honeycomb of trabeculae filled with red bone marrow

20. Long bones consist of a diaphysis and an epiphysis Diaphysis
Structure of Long Bone
Long bones consist of a diaphysis and an epiphysis
Diaphysis
Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity
Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity

21. Structure of Long Bone Epiphyses Expanded ends of long bones
Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone
covered with hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses

22. Bone Membranes
Periosteum – double-layered protective membrane that covers the bone
Endosteum – delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone

23. Some art for your Monday drawing pleasure!
On page 70 complete the following in Color
Draw a long bone on this page the is approximately ½ of the page in size
Using brackets: indicate where the diaphysis and epiphyses are
Draw and label the medullary canal/cavity
Draw and label the articular cartilage
Draw and label the endostium & periosteum
Color code the areas where red & yellow marrow are
Label compact and spongy bone

24. C
G medullary cavity & yellow marrow

25. proximal epiphysis diaphysis medullary cavity distal epiphysis
articular
cartilage
proximal epiphysis
diaphysis
medullary
cavity
distal
epiphysis

26. Complete CFA #1 while I am checking notes
10/8
Take out/open to page 68
In will be stamping the summary on this page
Be ready to flip to page 70
I will be stamping this page for questions
Complete CFA #1 while I am checking notes

27. New page of notes: Page 73 Essential questions:
What is the structure of flat, short & irregular bones?
What is the functions of red & yellow bone marrow?

28. Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones#9
Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
Thin plates of compact bone on the outside with spongy bone on the inside
Have no diaphysis or epiphyses
Contain bone marrow between the spongy bone

29. The Hematopoietic Tissue (makes blood cells) In infants
Red Marrow:
The Hematopoietic Tissue (makes blood cells)
In infants
Found in the medullary cavity and all spongy bone
In adults
Found in the spongy bone of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus

30. Found in the medullary canal of all long bones in adults
Yellow Marrow
Found in the medullary canal of all long bones in adults
Replaces red marrow
Stores fat
Can be converted back to red marrow if severe blood loss occurs

31. Microscopic Structure of Bone Sheet: Page 75 Compact Bone
Haversian System or Osteon – the structural unit of compact bone (builds the structure of compact bone/weight bearing)
Lamella – column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen (resist torsion/twisting)
Haversian or central canal –central channel containing blood vessels and nerves (supplies blood and nerves to bone).
Volkmann’s canals – channels lying at right angles to the central canal, (connects blood and nerve supply from the periosteum to the Haversian canal)

32. Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone
Osteocytes – mature bone cells (maintain bone)
Lacunae – small cavities in bone (contain osteocytes/where osteocytes live)
Canaliculi – hairlike canals (connect lacunae to each other and the central canal)

33. Microscopic Bone Structure Page 75
Complete part A & C of the microscopic bone structure sheet
Part A is figure 6.6c.
Change part C to the following:
Figure 6.6a & 6.6b will be drawn on page 74, not the back of microscopic sheet

34. I will be stamping page 70 for a summary & page 72 for questions
Open notes to page 70
I will be stamping page 70 for a summary & page 72 for questions
Continue working on page 74 diagrams (page 183 in the book)
You have 25 minutes to work on this
Microscopic Bone Structure Page 75
Complete part A & C of the microscopic bone structure sheet
Part A is figure 6.6c.
Change part C to the following:
Figure 6.6a & 6.6b will be drawn on page 74, not the back of microscopic sheet

35. New page of notes: Page 77 Microscopic structure: Spongy Bone
Made of a honeycomb of flat or needle like pieces called trabeculae
Trabeculae is filled with red or yellow marrow
osteocytes are found in the lacunae connected by canaliculi

36. Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic
Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells
Osteocytes – mature bone cells
Osteoclasts – large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
Osteoid – unmineralized bone matrix
Mostly proteins, including collagen

37. October 10th
Open your notes to page72.
I will be stamping page 72 for a summary and page 74 (post it note) for questions & summary
While I am stamping notes, look at your targets #1-10 for chapter 6
Using a RED pen or colored pencil, place a mark on each targets for where you feel you are for that target as of today

38. Add the following to your notes on page 77 from yesterday
Chemical Composition of Bone: Inorganic
Hydroxyapatites- mineral salts
65% of bone
Mainly calcium phosphates
Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression

39. Flash Cards: Make flash cards for the following terms:
Haversian System/osteon
Lamella
Lacuna
Canaliculi
Osteocyte
Haversian canal
Volkman’s Canal
trabeculae
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Hydroxyapatites

40. New page of notes: page 79

41. Formation of the Bony Skeleton
Begins at week 8 of embryo development
Bone formation is called ossification
Two types
Intramembranous ossification – bone develops from a fibrous membrane
Endochondral ossification – bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

42. Our bone is constantly being destroyed and rebuilt
Bone Remodeling
Our bone is constantly being destroyed and rebuilt
Remodeling units – adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts deposit and resorb bone at periostium and endostium surfaces
Remodeling –
Bone is broken down and then replaced
bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth
Osteoclasts break down the matrix
Osteoblasts build new matrix

43. Bone Resorption
Done by osteoclasts secreting acids and enzymes
Dissolved matrix is secreted into the interstitial fluid and then into the blood
One thing removed is calcium

44. Importance of Ionic Calcium in the Body
Calcium is stored in the bone and is necessary for:
Transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Blood coagulation (clotting)
Secretion by glands and nerve cells
Cell division

45. I will be stamping questions on this page and 78
Open notes to page 76
I will be stamping questions on this page and 78
Complete the CFA that is at your seat
You will need a piece of paper for notes.
Page 81

46. Endochondrial Appositional Interstitial Intramembranous osteoclast
CFA #2
Endochondrial
Appositional
Interstitial
Intramembranous
osteoclast
Lamellae
Osteoblast
Lacunae
canaliculi