1. “Sexual & Gender Based Violence against Men & Boys” Rwamwanja, 5 September 2013 Chris Dolan & Onen David Ongwech Refugee Law Project, Uganda

2. Workshop Outline Welcome and Introductions – Onen Purpose of Workshop – to begin a discussion about the inclusion of men in GBV response services – Chris What we know, what we assume – Chris & Onen GBV Screening and what it tells us - Onen Warning signs of history of being victim of sexual abuse: Onen Break Film Discussion Wrap-up

3. Purpose of training Understand conflict-related Sexual Gender Based Violence against men & boys Be aware of the GBV screening Strengthen services for survivors

4. What do we know, what do we assume?

5. “A man cannot be raped by another man” Not true: assumes that men always choose when to have sex, and are always in control of the situation

6. “A gay man cannot be raped by another man” Not true: the sexual orientation of a victim does not define the nature of the crime The key issue in rape is whether the person consented or not

7. “A man who is raped becomes a woman”

8. “A man who has been raped cannot have children” Not True: but sometimes the physical or psychological trauma can make it more difficult

9. “A man who erects when he is raped is enjoying it” Not true; erection can be a physiological response to physical stimulation, not an indicator of the emotional state of the person

10. “A man who rapes a woman cannot be a victim” Not True: forcing a man to perpetrate sexual violence is a common strategy and one of the ways in which sexual violence is used as a weapon of war

11. “A man who rapes another man must be gay” Not true: if the man is forced to rape another man, then the act says nothing about his sexual orientation

12. “Women can also be perpetrators of sexual violence against men” True, though less common, particularly given that majority of armed persons are male

13. “The only form of sexual violence against men is anal rape” FALSE

14. Some Forms of Sexual Violence against Men Oral rape, as well as rape using objects (e.g. screw-drivers, bottles) having ropes tied to the genitalia and being pulled around by this rope having electric wires attached to the genitalia, through which electric shocks are administered linking two men using ropes tied to their genitalia and making them walk in opposite directions being made to dig holes in the ground, or in trees, and then to rub themselves in that hole to the point of ejaculation

15. being forced to have vaginal sex with women of the same ethnic identity who are also being detained being forced to have anal or oral sex with fellow detainees, or with brothers, or fathers being forced into sexual acts with your own spouse, while being watched by children, parents etc. being used as a mattress while soldiers rape their family members on top of them being held for lengthy periods of time as sexual slaves forced circumcision, castration, and other forms of genital mutilation

16. “Any refugee who claims he has been raped is just looking for resettlement” Not true: it is extremely difficult for victims to report; most will talk about everything and anything except the sexual violence

17. “Sexual violence against men can provoke PTSD” True: many victims show clear symptoms of PTSD; sleeplessness, flashbacks, irritability, self-isolation, suicidal tendencies, etc.

18. “The law in uganda provides equal protection to male and female victims of sexual violence” False: the definition of rape is gender-exclusive, and the penal code provisions for same sex acts do not distinguish consensual and non-consensual acts

19. What do we know, what do we assume? Is there any UN Security Council Resolution which mentions men and boys as victims?

20. Work of Lynn Lawry et al (JAMA, August 2008) suggests that we need to look not just at civilian population, but also (particularly) at former combatants: In Liberia they found that while 9.2% of civilian women had experienced sexual violence during conflict, this rose to 42.3% of female combatants, and while 7.4% of male civilians had experienced sexual violence during conflict, this rose to 32.6% of male combatants: Need to shed assumptions about combatants as perpetrators only Where are we looking? Initial results from comprehensive screening of refugees presenting at RLP offices suggest that prevalence amongst male refugees is much higher than anticipated: Refugee populations should be key sites for investigation and intervention Also, sexual exploitation while refugees; i.e. both a cause of becoming a refugee, and an effect of being one

21. The Spaces where Sexual Violence takes place Torture Cells Prisons Military Camps & Training centres HOMES

23. Sexual Violence Against Men As A Global Phenomenon Data Suggest Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Against Men is Widespread Conflict-related sexual violence against men has been documented in over 25 conflicts in the past decade alone. Yet the problem is largely ignored. In 2002, only 3% of NGOs working in the area of “war rape and other forms of sexual violence” mentioned male victims. e.g. ‘We Will Teach You a Lesson’ Sexual Violence against Tamils by Sri Lankan Security Forces – HRW 2012 June 23, 2013 In Debate Over Military Sexual Assault, Men Are Overlooked Victims By JAMES DAOJAMES DAO Sexual assault has emerged as one of the defining issues for the military this year. Reports of assaults are up, as are questions about whether commanders have taken the problem seriously. Bills to toughen penalties and prosecution have been introduced in Congress. But in a debate that has focused largely on women, this fact is often overlooked: the majority of service members who are sexually assaulted each year are men. In its latest report on sexual assault, the Pentagon estimated that 26,000 service members experienced unwanted sexual contact in 2012, up from 19,000 in 2010. Of those cases, the Pentagon says, 53 percent involved attacks on men, mostly by other men.

24. The Impacts of Sexual Violence on Men and Boys – the Five ‘P’s P hysical P sychological P sycho-sexual (NB sex worker narratives) P sycho-Social: Family, Community, Inability to Work P olitical

25. What differentiates Sexual Violence on Men and Boys from Sexual Violence against Women and Girls?

26. Sexual Violence In Conflict Physical Damage (e.g. Fistula) Infection (e.g. STIs, HIV) Depression Family issues Partner/Husband Children Parents/Siblings “Indirect” Trauma Community Shaming Woman as ‘useless’: “Whore” Beating Distancing/ Neglect Eviction Forced Relations Child of rape Domestic Violence in Peace

27. Sexual Violence In Conflict Physical Damage (e.g. Fissures) Castration Infection (e.g. STIs, HIV) Depression Family issues Partner/Wife Children Parents/Siblings “Indirect” Trauma Community Shaming Man as ‘useless’: “Gay” (not earning, not protecting) Beating (perp/victim ) Distancing/ Neglect Abandonmen t Social Humiliation No respect from children No attention to children Domestic Violence in Peace Impotence Gender Challenge - Emasculation Sexuality Challenge “Homosexual” ECONOMIC Challenge – physical sequelae

28. What differentiates Sexual Violence on Men and Boys during Conflict from Sexual Abuse of Boys and Men in ‘peace’ time ? Conflict“Peace” Time Public Common Pain, Suffering Private/Secret psycho-sexually & Socially more maturepsycho-sexually & socially immature Enemy Perpetrator ‘Friendly’ Abuser (friend, family member, respected authority figure, etc

29. Is it worth responding to Sexual Violence Against Men & Boys in Conflict/Post-Conflict/Exile settings? Or does it undermine existing important agendas of working on Violence Against Women & Girls? If even one woman is raped, that is too many – but if only one man is raped, it’s not really relevant? We should respond to it on principle: -As human suffering, with a concomitant right to repair We should respond to it from an instrumental perspective: -As a source of transgenerational trauma… and a source of social and political dysfunction

31. Screening for Sexual Violence against Men Validation Phase – Nakivale & Kampala, integrated into RLP assessment & intake. Men of Hope 50  80, Men of Peace 45  180 Qualitative Phase – service providers, known survivors Implementation Phase – Rwamwanja & Kampala Of 140 done so far, 46 screened positive for sexual violence (33%), of which 43 were referred to LWF

32. Screening for Sexual Violence against Men Surgical Repair Diagnosis & Treatment(Counseling)Masculinities (re) Education Sexuality (re) Education Couple & Family CounsellingFighting Legal Impunity Changes in Medical Training IGAs for Survivors Structural Changes… New referral pathwaysMessaging to Men Refresh ‘Gender’

33. Signs to look for: Little or no eye contact Sitting uncomfortably Frequently ask to go to bathroom High levels of anger and irritability High levels of homophobia Show strong gender preference in relation to who interviews them Repeatedly discuss an apparently unrelated protection concern

34. Signs to look for: Complaints about lower back problems Describes loss of sexual interest and intimacy Difficulty relating to other people, including own children Withdrawal from social or community activities and meeting spaces

35. What victims and survivors are looking for: Someone to listen to them CONFIDENTIALITY Connecting with others who have similar experience Medical and psychosocial support