1. Extrinsic risk factors

2. 2 categories of causes…
Intrinsic (internal) – occur as a result of an internal force within our body
Extrinsic (external) – occur as a result of an external force from outside our bodies

3. Extrinsic Risk Factors
4 main categories of extrinsic risk:
Not adopting good practice
Poor coaching and leadership
Clothing, footwear and equipment
Safety Hazards
TASK: What sort of risks would come under each category?
Some overlap of risks between categories

4. Not adopting good practice
Warm up cool down
Correct lifting technique
Adhering to National Governing Body guidelines and rules

5. Warm up/ cool down What is the purpose of a warm up?
And what's the purpose of cooling down?

6. Warm Up/ Cool down Warm up: Cool down:
Prepare the body for exercise
Cool down:
Safety returns body to pre- exercise state
Types of stretching: Static, Dynamic and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

7. What makes a good warm-up?
How can we prevent poor warm ups?

8. Technique
A number of overuse injuries are clearly related to sports or exercise technique
e.g. tennis elbow
Often it is the repetition of an action with faulty technique that results in excessive load on tissues and subsequent injury
E.g. tennis elbow is usually an injury to an extensor tendon of the wrist.

9. Adhering to National Governing Body guidelines and rules
Rules are designed to keep people safe whist participating in a particular sport
Task:
In pairs choose 3 different sports
Identify what rules or guidelines are in place to maintain safety of athletes

10. Examples
Boxing: NGB guidelines ensure weight categories are adhered to
F1 racing: NGB guidelines ensure drivers wear fire resistant clothing
Football: No tackles from behind
How can we prevent against people not adhering to rules and guidelines?

11. Poor coaching/ leadership
Coaching/ leadership style
Observation of participants
Organisation of participants
Communication
Safe practise
avoidance of overtraining
Avoidance of excessive load on the body

12. Coaching/ leadership style and Communication
Different leadership styles required in different situations
Autocratic
Democratic
Different people react to different leadership styles
How can we prevent this?

13. Observation of participants
Participants should be monitored at all times
Ensure safety of group
Ensure correct technique
How can we prevent this?

14. Organisation of participants
This links back to NGB rules and regulations
Athletes can be organised by
Age
Gender
Weight
How can we prevent this?

15. Avoidance of overtraining
Coaches should put together a training schedule for athletes to stick to
This should include days off to rest and recovery
If athletes train too hard too often the body cannot cope with the additional stress
= Injury occurs

16. Excessive load on the body
The tissues of the body are capable of withstanding considerable stress
3 times the body weight to go through the body even when jogging slowly
However, tissues that have not been accustomed to such forces will not have adapted to withstand them and are therefore likely to be injured when they are applied
Children and Novices

17. Excessive load on the body
Certain types of movement demand that the body develops force rapidly
Sprinting and jumping
Therefore = this type of training or activity must be gradually introduced as part of a training programme
Should follow a period of several weeks of general training

18. Clothing, footwear and equipment
Appropriate clothing/ footwear (indoor/outdoor)
Protective clothing

19. Appropriate clothing/ footwear
Wearing appropriate clothing can help you perform well in your sport
If it isn’t worn injuries and illnesses can occur
Eg. Playing rugby on a hot day in a jersey tracksuit top and bottoms body temperature = severe dehydration

20. Protective clothing Protective clothing is used in almost every sport
What sports can you think off which use protective clothing?
How can we prevent this?

21. Safety Hazards Environment safety checks Equipment safety checks
First aid provision
Risk Assessments

22. Environment & Equipment checks
Checking the playing environment and equipment for hazards is the easiest way of prevention injuries such as contusions and abrasions
Therefore risk assessments should be undertaken

23. First aid
Why is first aid important?

24. Environment
Athletes often train and compete in different countries and therefore have to adapt to different climates
Therefore coaches need to consider the effect of the environment
Paula Radcliffe, Olympics in Athens 2004
England football team, Germany 2006