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Extrinsic risk factors
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2 categories of causes… Intrinsic (internal) – occur as a result of an internal force within our body Extrinsic (external) – occur as a result of an external force from outside our bodies
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Extrinsic Risk Factors
4 main categories of extrinsic risk: Not adopting good practice Poor coaching and leadership Clothing, footwear and equipment Safety Hazards TASK: What sort of risks would come under each category? Some overlap of risks between categories
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Not adopting good practice
Warm up cool down Correct lifting technique Adhering to National Governing Body guidelines and rules
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Warm up/ cool down What is the purpose of a warm up?
And what's the purpose of cooling down?
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Warm Up/ Cool down Warm up: Cool down:
Prepare the body for exercise Cool down: Safety returns body to pre- exercise state Types of stretching: Static, Dynamic and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)
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What makes a good warm-up?
How can we prevent poor warm ups?
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Technique A number of overuse injuries are clearly related to sports or exercise technique e.g. tennis elbow Often it is the repetition of an action with faulty technique that results in excessive load on tissues and subsequent injury E.g. tennis elbow is usually an injury to an extensor tendon of the wrist.
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Adhering to National Governing Body guidelines and rules
Rules are designed to keep people safe whist participating in a particular sport Task: In pairs choose 3 different sports Identify what rules or guidelines are in place to maintain safety of athletes
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Examples Boxing: NGB guidelines ensure weight categories are adhered to F1 racing: NGB guidelines ensure drivers wear fire resistant clothing Football: No tackles from behind How can we prevent against people not adhering to rules and guidelines?
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Poor coaching/ leadership
Coaching/ leadership style Observation of participants Organisation of participants Communication Safe practise avoidance of overtraining Avoidance of excessive load on the body
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Coaching/ leadership style and Communication
Different leadership styles required in different situations Autocratic Democratic Different people react to different leadership styles How can we prevent this?
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Observation of participants
Participants should be monitored at all times Ensure safety of group Ensure correct technique How can we prevent this?
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Organisation of participants
This links back to NGB rules and regulations Athletes can be organised by Age Gender Weight How can we prevent this?
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Avoidance of overtraining
Coaches should put together a training schedule for athletes to stick to This should include days off to rest and recovery If athletes train too hard too often the body cannot cope with the additional stress = Injury occurs
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Excessive load on the body
The tissues of the body are capable of withstanding considerable stress 3 times the body weight to go through the body even when jogging slowly However, tissues that have not been accustomed to such forces will not have adapted to withstand them and are therefore likely to be injured when they are applied Children and Novices
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Excessive load on the body
Certain types of movement demand that the body develops force rapidly Sprinting and jumping Therefore = this type of training or activity must be gradually introduced as part of a training programme Should follow a period of several weeks of general training
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Clothing, footwear and equipment
Appropriate clothing/ footwear (indoor/outdoor) Protective clothing
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Appropriate clothing/ footwear
Wearing appropriate clothing can help you perform well in your sport If it isn’t worn injuries and illnesses can occur Eg. Playing rugby on a hot day in a jersey tracksuit top and bottoms body temperature = severe dehydration
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Protective clothing Protective clothing is used in almost every sport
What sports can you think off which use protective clothing? How can we prevent this?
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Safety Hazards Environment safety checks Equipment safety checks
First aid provision Risk Assessments
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Environment & Equipment checks
Checking the playing environment and equipment for hazards is the easiest way of prevention injuries such as contusions and abrasions Therefore risk assessments should be undertaken
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First aid Why is first aid important?
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Environment Athletes often train and compete in different countries and therefore have to adapt to different climates Therefore coaches need to consider the effect of the environment Paula Radcliffe, Olympics in Athens 2004 England football team, Germany 2006
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