1. Two more exams. You’ve got this!
UNIT #6 EXAM REVIEW
Two more exams. You’ve got this!

2. 1.) Which of the following is incorrect?
Carefully recorded observations provide valid scientific evidence that can be used to explain things that happen in the world
Carefully executed experiments provide valid scientific evidence that can be used to explain things that happen in the world
Beliefs that a supernatural being causes changes in the world is valid scientific evidence

3. 1.) Which of the following is incorrect?
Carefully recorded observations provide valid scientific evidence that can be used to explain things that happen in the world
Carefully executed experiments provide valid scientific evidence that can be used to explain things that happen in the world
Beliefs that a supernatural being causes changes in the world is valid scientific evidence

4. 2.) T/F: Individual organisms can evolve.
True
False

5. 2.) T/F: Individual organisms can evolve.
True
False

6. 3.) T/F: Evolution occurred in the past, but it is not still happening in the present.
True
False

7. 3.) T/F: Evolution occurred in the past, but it is not still happening in the present.
True
False

8. 4.) T/F: The theory of evolution provides an explanation for the origin of life.
True
False

9. 4.) T/F: The theory of evolution provides an explanation for the origin of life.
True
False

10. 5.) Which of the following is a true statement?
Species are constant throughout time
Evolution provides an explanation for the origin of life
Evolution doesn’t happen within populations, but rather in individual organisms
Species are dynamic and are changing through time

11. 5.) Which of the following is a true statement?
Species are constant throughout time
Evolution provides an explanation for the origin of life
Evolution doesn’t happen within populations, but rather in individual organisms
Species are dynamic and are changing through time

12. 6.) Which of the following describes an idea that Darwin had regarding his theory of evolution?
Species inhabiting the earth have stayed the same over time
Species on earth have no common ancestor in common
The means by which descent with modification occurs is called artificial selection
More offspring are produced than can possibly survive

13. 6.) Which of the following describes an idea that Darwin had regarding his theory of evolution?
Species inhabiting the earth have stayed the same over time
Species on earth have no common ancestor in common
The means by which descent with modification occurs is called artificial selection
More offspring are produced than can possibly survive

14. 7.) T/F: Variation exists among individuals that make up a population, and some of that variation is heritable.
True
False

15. 7.) T/F: Variation exists among individuals that make up a population, and some of that variation is heritable.
True
False

16. 8.) Which of the following statements is true?
The struggle to survive to reproduce is completely random
The struggle to survive to reproduce is not random
Individuals with genetic inheritance that best fits the environment will be less likely to leave offspring
Individuals with genetic inheritance that doesn’t fit the environment in which they life are more likely to leave offspring

17. 8.) Which of the following statements is true?
The struggle to survive to reproduce is completely random
The struggle to survive to reproduce is not random
Individuals with genetic inheritance that best fits the environment will be less likely to leave offspring
Individuals with genetic inheritance that doesn’t fit the environment in which they life are more likely to leave offspring

18. 9.) Which of the following is true regarding the fossil record?
Only a few fossils have been found that support the idea of the theory of evolution
Oldest animal fossils are found in younger rocks
The fossil record does not support the theory of evolution
The oldest animal fossils are found in much older rocks than any mammal fossils

19. 9.) Which of the following is true regarding the fossil record?
Only a few fossils have been found that support the idea of the theory of evolution
Oldest animal fossils are found in younger rocks
The fossil record does not support the theory of evolution
The oldest animal fossils are found in much older rocks than any mammal fossils

20. 10.) Which of the following is true in two modern day organisms that are closely related?
They would share more DNA sequence similarities than two organisms that are distantly related
They would have different numbers of chromosomes
They have no common ancestor
They would share fewer DNA sequence similarities than two organisms that are distantly related

21. 10.) Which of the following is true in two modern day organisms that are closely related?
They would share more DNA sequence similarities than two organisms that are distantly related
They would have different numbers of chromosomes
They have no common ancestor
They would share fewer DNA sequence similarities than two organisms that are distantly related

22. 11.) The theory of evolution is the best scientific explanation we have for the ____ of life on Earth.
Origin
Study
Explanation
Diversity

23. 11.) The theory of evolution is the best scientific explanation we have for the ____ of life on Earth.
Origin
Study
Explanation
Diversity

24. 12.) T/F: Evolution violates the 2nd law of Thermodynamics (entropy will increase in a closed system)
True
False

25. 12.) T/F: Evolution violates the 2nd law of Thermodynamics (entropy will increase in a closed system)
True
False because the earth is not a closed system

26. 13.) T/F: Evolution ALWAYS leads to more complex species.
True
False

27. 13.) T/F: Evolution ALWAYS leads to more complex species.
True
False

28. 14.) Which of the following best describes evolution?
A theory that a minority of scientists accept
A theory that describes how species originate
An explanation for how populations change over time
An explanation for how individuals change over time

29. 14.) Which of the following best describes evolution?
A theory that a minority of scientists accept
A theory that describes how species originate
An explanation for how populations change over time
An explanation for how individuals change over time

30. 15.) Natural selection acts on…
Phenotype
Genotype
Dominant alleles only
Females only

31. 15.) Natural selection acts on…
Phenotype
Genotype
Dominant alleles only
Females only

32. 16.) Which of the following is incorrect?
Populations evolve
Evolution results from changing allele frequencies in a population
Mutation and genetic drift are random events
Natural selection is a random event

33. 16.) Which of the following is incorrect?
Populations evolve
Evolution results from changing allele frequencies in a population
Mutation and genetic drift are random events
Natural selection is a random event

34. 17.) T/F: Evolution is the process working towards developing the “best” species.
True
False

35. 17.) T/F: Evolution is the process working towards developing the “best” species.
True
False

36. 18.) T/F: In order for evolution of a new species to occur, the parental species must go extinct.
True
False

37. 18.) T/F: In order for evolution of a new species to occur, the parental species must go extinct.
True
False

38. 19.) Which of the following defines a population?
A group of individuals in the same place at the same time belonging to different species
A group of individuals in the same place and belonging to the same species, but at different times
A group of individuals in the same species in different places
A group of individuals in the same place and time belonging to the same species

39. 19.) Which of the following defines a population?
A group of individuals in the same place at the same time belonging to different species
A group of individuals in the same place and belonging to the same species, but at different times
A group of individuals in the same species in different places
A group of individuals in the same place and time belonging to the same species

40. 20.) How do meiosis and sexual reproduction affect the frequencies of the two alleles in the population during the next generation?
The dominant alleles increase in frequency and the recessive alleles decrease in frequency
The dominant alleles decrease in frequency and recessive alleles increase in frequency
They have no effect on allele frequencies
More than one of the above is true

41. 20.) How do meiosis and sexual reproduction affect the frequencies of the two alleles in the population during the next generation?
The dominant alleles increase in frequency and the recessive alleles decrease in frequency
The dominant alleles decrease in frequency and recessive alleles increase in frequency
They have no effect on allele frequencies
More than one of the above is true

42. 21.) Which of the following is true about allele frequencies?
The dominant allele is always the most frequent in the population
The recessive allele is always more frequent in the population
Genetic drift can cause a change in allele frequencies
Random mating can cause a change in allele frequencies

43. 21.) Which of the following is true about allele frequencies?
The dominant allele is always the most frequent in the population
The recessive allele is always more frequent in the population
Genetic drift can cause a change in allele frequencies
Random mating can cause a change in allele frequencies

44. 22.) Which of the following is not one of the five conditions that a population must meet to be considered to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
No genetic drift
No gene flow
No natural selection
No mutation
Non-random mating

45. 22.) Which of the following is not one of the five conditions that a population must meet to be considered to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
No genetic drift
No gene flow
No natural selection
No mutation
Non-random mating

46. 23.) T/F: Natural populations NEVER satisfy all five of the HW conditions.
True
False

47. 23.) T/F: Natural populations NEVER satisfy all five of the HW conditions.
True
False

48. 24.) When will evolution of a species come to a stop?
When the species is perfectly adapted to its environment
When the species becomes extinct
When it meets 4/5 of the HW conditions
None of the above are true; evolution for a species will never stop

49. 24.) When will evolution of a species come to a stop?
When the species is perfectly adapted to its environment
When the species becomes extinct
When it meets 4/5 of the HW conditions
None of the above are true; evolution for a species will never stop

50. 25.) Which of the following is not a source of genetic variation?
Non-random mating
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Mutation
All of the above are a source of genetic variation

51. 25.) Which of the following is not a source of genetic variation?
Non-random mating
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Mutation
All of the above are a source of genetic variation

52. 26.) Cystic fibrosis is a recessive condition that affects about 1 in 2,500 babies in the Caucasian population of the US. Calculate the frequency of the recessive allele in the population.
0.0004
0.04
0.98
0.02

53. 26.) Cystic fibrosis is a recessive condition that affects about 1 in 2,500 babies in the Caucasian population of the US. Calculate the frequency of the recessive allele in the population.
0.0004
0.04
0.98
0.02

54. 27.) Which of the following is true of BOTH the bottleneck and founder effects?
They involve large populations
They involve a small number of individuals leaving a population to create their own
They involve small populations
They involve high mortality striking a population

55. 27.) Which of the following is true of BOTH the bottleneck and founder effects?
They involve large populations
They involve a small number of individuals leaving a population to create their own
They involve small populations
They involve high mortality striking a population

56. 28.) Which of the following is an example of the bottleneck effect?
A hurricane wipes out a portion of a large population
A few birds leave the Galapagos island to the Caribbean to start their own population
A hurricane wipes out most of a small population

57. 28.) Which of the following is an example of the bottleneck effect?
A hurricane wipes out a portion of a large population
A few birds leave the Galapagos island to the Caribbean to start their own population
A hurricane wipes out most of a small population

58. 29.) Which of the following is true of something that is a pre-zygotic barrier?
It is a barrier that acts prior to the formation of a zygote
It is a barrier that prevents the zygote from developing
It will result in a viable, fertile adult
It is a barrier that occurs after fertilization

59. 29.) Which of the following is true of something that is a pre-zygotic barrier?
It is a barrier that acts prior to the formation of a zygote
It is a barrier that prevents the zygote from developing
It will result in a viable, fertile adult
It is a barrier that occurs after fertilization

60. 30.) Which of the following is correct regarding allopatric speciation?
It is the development of a new species in the same place
Reproductive isolation is not necessary
It requires geographic barriers
No geographic barrier is necessary

61. 30.) Which of the following is correct regarding allopatric speciation?
It is the development of a new species in the same place
Reproductive isolation is not necessary
It requires geographic barriers
No geographic barrier is necessary

62. 31.) T/F: Both allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation require reproductive isolation?
True
False

63. 31.) T/F: Both allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation require reproductive isolation?
True
False

64. 32.) Which of the following is incorrect regarding the limitations of the biological species concept?
Information about interbreeding isn’t available for most species
You can’t test interbreeding in fossils
It applies to asexually reproducing organisms

65. 32.) Which of the following is incorrect regarding the limitations of the biological species concept?
Information about interbreeding isn’t available for most species
You can’t test interbreeding in fossils
It applies to asexually reproducing organisms

66. 33.) The “missing link” between humans and chimpanzees is as common ancestor that was alive…
7,000,000 years ago
200,000 years ago
20,000 years ago
150,000,000 years ago

67. 33.) The “missing link” between humans and chimpanzees is as common ancestor that was alive…
7,000,000 years ago
200,000 years ago
20,000 years ago
150,000,000 years ago

68. 34.) Which statement regarding evolution is false?
People before Charles Darwin proposed the idea of evolution
The vast majority of scientist accept the theory of evolution
The process of evolution does NOT always lead to more complex organisms
Evolution can be directly observed
Evolution of a new species requires the parental species to go extinct

69. 34.) Which statement regarding evolution is false?
People before Charles Darwin proposed the idea of evolution
The vast majority of scientist accept the theory of evolution
The process of evolution does NOT always lead to more complex organisms
Evolution can be directly observed
Evolution of a new species requires the parental species to go extinct

70. 35.) The theory of evolution is most accurately described as..
A speculation about how species originate
One possible explanation, among several alternatives, about how species originate
An explanation supported by much evidence for how species change over time leading to the production of new species
An opinion that some scientists have about how living organisms change over time

71. 35.) The theory of evolution is most accurately described as..
A speculation about how species originate
One possible explanation, among several alternatives, about how species originate
An explanation supported by much evidence for how species change over time leading to the production of new species
An opinion that some scientists have about how living organisms change over time

72. 36.) Darwin’s idea of natural selection is based on all of the following except:
Characteristics that are acquired during the life of an individual are passed on to its offspring
The fittest (best adapted) individuals produce the most offspring
There is differential reproductive success within populations
Morphological variation exists within populations
Natural populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support

73. 36.) Darwin’s idea of natural selection is based on all of the following except:
Characteristics that are acquired during the life of an individual are passed on to its offspring
The fittest (best adapted) individuals produce the most offspring
There is differential reproductive success within populations
Morphological variation exists within populations
Natural populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support

74. 37.) Which of the following causes of evolution is most likely to adapt a species to its environment?
Mutation
Small population size
Natural selection
Migration
Non-random mating

75. 37.) Which of the following causes of evolution is most likely to adapt a species to its environment?
Mutation
Small population size
Natural selection
Migration
Non-random mating

76. Tips to do well on this exam:
Know all of the misconceptions about evolution and why they are wrong
Be very familiar with how to do HW problems (do the worksheet I posted for extra practice!)
Know the definitions of evolution and natural selection
Understand genetic variability and where it comes from
Understand Darwin’s role in the theory of evolution and his ideas about it as he was developing it
GOOD LUCK!

77. 1. ) The frequency of two alleles in a gene pool is 0. 19 and 0. 81
1.) The frequency of two alleles in a gene pool is 0.19 and Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Calculate the percentage of heterozygous individuals in the population.

78. 1. ) The frequency of two alleles in a gene pool is 0. 19 and 0. 81
1.) The frequency of two alleles in a gene pool is 0.19 and Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Calculate the percentage of heterozygous individuals in the population.
Heterozygotes are represented by 2pq, so therefore you take (2)(0.19)(0.81) = 0.31 or 31%.

79. 2.) An allele W, for white wool, is dominant over allele w, for black wool. In a sample of 900 sheep, 891 are white and 9 are black. Calculate the allele frequencies within this population, assuming that the population is in H-W equilibrium.

80. 2.) An allele W, for white wool, is dominant over allele w, for black wool. In a sample of 900 sheep, 891 are white and 9 are black. Calculate the allele frequencies within this population, assuming that the population is in H-W equilibrium. The allelic frequency of w is represented by the q term, and the allelic frequency of W is represented by the p term. We are given the number of homozygous recessive individuals (9/900) which equates to q2.   q2 = 9/900 = 0.01 so q =   We also know that p + q = 1, so we can use that equation to find that p =   Final answer: Frequency of W = 90% and frequency of w = 10%.  

81. 3.) In a population that is in H-W equilibrium, the frequency of the recessive homozygote genotype of a certain trait is Calculate the percentage of individuals homozygous for the dominant allele.

82. 3.) In a population that is in H-W equilibrium, the frequency of the recessive homozygote genotype of a certain trait is Calculate the percentage of individuals homozygous for the dominant allele. q2 = So, q must be =   Now use p + q = 1; p =   Homozygous dominant individuals are represented by p2 = 0.72 = 0.49 or 49%.

83. 4.) In a population that is in H-W equilibrium, 38% of the individuals are recessive homozygotes for a certain trait. In a population of 14,500, calculate the number of homozygous dominant individuals and heterozygous individuals.

84. 4.) In a population that is in H-W equilibrium, 38% of the individuals are recessive homozygotes for a certain trait. In a population of 14,500, calculate the number of homozygous dominant individuals and heterozygous individuals = q2, so q =   Again, use p + q = 1, to find that p =   Now, we will find the homozygous dominant individuals by taking p2 = But we have to find the percentage of homozygous individuals in our particular population of 14,500 individuals, so you have to take x 14,500 = 2,030   Now to find the number of heterozygous individuals in our population. 2pq = 0.473, so take 14,500 x to get ~6,800 individuals that are heterozygous.  

85. 5.) Allele T, for the ability to taste a particular chemical, is dominant over allele t, for the inability to taste the chemical. Four hundred students were surveyed and 64 were found to be non-tasters. Calculate the percentage of heterozygous individuals.

86. 5.) Allele T, for the ability to taste a particular chemical, is dominant over allele t, for the inability to taste the chemical. Four hundred students were surveyed and 64 were found to be non-tasters. Calculate the percentage of heterozygous individuals. 64/400 = 0.16 = q2.   q = 0.40   p + q = 1; p =   2pq = 0.48; 48% of the population are heterozygous and can taste the chemical.

87. 6.) In corn, kernel color is governed by a dominant allele for the white color (W) and by a recessive allele (w). A random sample of 100 kernels from a population that is in H-W equilibrium reveals that 9 kernels are yellow (ww) and 91 are white. Calculate the frequencies of the yellow and white alleles in this population and calculate the percentage of the population that is heterozygous.

88. 6.) In corn, kernel color is governed by a dominant allele for the white color (W) and by a recessive allele (w). A random sample of 100 kernels from a population that is in H-W equilibrium reveals that 9 kernels are yellow (ww) and 91 are white. Calculate the frequencies of the yellow and white alleles in this population and calculate the percentage of the population that is heterozygous. 9/100 = q2 = 0.09; q = 0.3. This is the frequency of w.   p + q = 1; p = This is the frequency of W.   2pq = 0.42 or 42%.

89. 7.) A rare disease which is due to a recessive allele (a) that is lethal when homozygous, occurs within a specific population at a frequency of one in a million. How many individuals in a town with a population of 14,000 can be expected to carry this allele?

90. 7.) A rare disease which is due to a recessive allele (a) that is lethal when homozygous, occurs within a specific population at a frequency of one in a million. How many individuals in a town with a population of 14,000 can be expected to carry this allele? q2 = 1/1,000,000 = so q =   p + q = 1; p =   Carriers are heterozygous; 2pq = , now multiply that number by 14,000 to get the number of individuals that are carriers = 28 individuals.

91. 8.) Two Siamese and three Persian cats survive a shipwreck and are carried on driftwood to a previously uninhabited tropical island. Al five cats have normal ears, but one carries recessive allele f for folded ears (he is Ff). Calculate the frequencies of alleles F and f in the cat population of this island.

92. 8.) Two Siamese and three Persian cats survive a shipwreck and are carried on driftwood to a previously uninhabited tropical island. Al five cats have normal ears, but one carries recessive allele f for folded ears (he is Ff). Calculate the frequencies of alleles F and f in the cat population of this island. We know that the genotype for the carrier is Ff, so the other four cats are not carriers and must have a genotype of FF. There are 10 total alleles in this population (because there are 5 cats with two alleles each), 9 are F alleles and 1 is f allele.   Therefore, 9/10 = 0.9 for the F allele 1/10 = 0.1 for the f allele.

93. 9.) Using the information from question 8, how many cats would you expect to have folded ears when the island population reaches 20,000?

94. 9.) Using the information from question 8, how many cats would you expect to have folded ears when the island population reaches 20,000? ff represents the genotype of the cats that will have folded ears, which is q2.   We know that q = 0.1 so q2 = Multiply this by 20,000 to find the number of cats that will have folded ears = 200 cats.

95. 10.) In the US, approximately one child in every 10,000 is born with PKU, a syndrome that affects individuals homozygous for the recessive allele (aa). Calculate the frequency of this allele in the population, the frequency of the normal allele, and the percentage of carriers of the trait within the population.

96. 10.) In the US, approximately one child in every 10,000 is born with PKU, a syndrome that affects individuals homozygous for the recessive allele (aa). Calculate the frequency of this allele in the population, the frequency of the normal allele, and the percentage of carriers of the trait within the population. q2 = 1/10,000 = q =   p + q = 1; p =   Heterozygotes are the carriers, so 2pq = Multiply this by 10,000 to get the number of carriers in the population =