1. EECE.2160 ECE Application Programming
Instructors:
Dr. Michael Geiger & Dr. Lin Li
Spring 2019
Lecture 5:
Basic variable output with printf()
Basic variable input with scanf()
Flowcharts and debugging

2. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5
Lecture outline
Announcements/reminders
Text exercises: Ch. 2 due 9/18
No late textbook exercises accepted!
Program 2 due Friday, 9/20
These slides (2-3 lectures)
Program 2 overview
Review: operators, printf() basics
printf() examples
scanf()
Flowcharts and debugging
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5

3. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5
Program 2 overview
Learn basic I/O
Basic circuit analysis
All formulas on last page of figures document
zyBooks-specific note
Inputs aren’t shown when test output is printed
Visual Studio-specific note
To avoid scanf() warnings, include following line before #include <stdio.h>:
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5

4. Review: Arithmetic Operations
Operator
Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Modulus Division
(Remainder) %
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5

5. Review: printf() basics
To print variables (or constants), insert %<type> in your printf() format string
%c: single character
%d or %i: signed decimal integer
%f: float; %lf: double
Prints 6 digits after decimal point by default
To control # digits, use precision
"%.4lf" prints with 4 digits (4th digit rounds)
"%.0lf" prints with 0 digits (round to nearest integer)
Each %<type> must correspond to a variable or constant that follows
printf("a=%.3f, b=%.2f", a, b);
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

6. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5
printf() example
float a=67.49,b= ; printf("hello %f there %f\n",a,b); printf("%f%f%f%f\n",a,a,b,b); printf("a=%.2f, b=%.1f",a,b); printf("Cool huh?\n");
Printed:
hello there a=67.49, b=10.0Cool huh?
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5

7. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5
Example: printf()
Show the output from each programs(assume #include <stdio.h> for all)
void main() {
int i=2, j=3, k, m;
k = j * i;
m = i + j;
printf("%d %d %d %d\n", i, j, k, m); }
double f, g;
f = 1.0 / 4.0;
g = f * 20;
printf("f = %lf,\ng = %.2lf\n", f, g);
int a = 5, b = 2;
printf("Output%doesn't%dmake%dsense", a, b, a + b);
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5

8. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5
Example solution
void main() { int i=2, j=3, k, m; k = j * i; k = 2 * 3 = 6 m = i + j; m = = 5 printf("%d %d %d %d\n", i, j, k, m); } Output:
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5

9. Example solution (cont.)
void main() { double f, g; f = 1.0 / 4.0; f = 0.25 g = f * 20; g = 0.25 * 20 = 5 printf("f = %lf,\ng = %.2lf\n", f, g); } Output: f = , g = 5.00 (remember, 6 places after decimal point printed by default with floating-point data)
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5

10. Example solution (cont.)
void main() {
int a = 5, b = 2;
printf("Output%doesn't%dmake%dsense",
a, b, a + b); }
Output: Output5oesn't2make7sense
(Every %d gets replaced with a number, which is underlined above to show what happens—in practice, the console isn’t going to underline your output!)
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5

11. ECE 160 - Introduction to Computer Engineering I
02/09/2005
scanf() function
Used to get input from user
Returns number of items successfully assigned
First argument is format specifiers
Essentially same as printf() format string
Every format specifier (%d, %lf, etc.) corresponds to an input value to be read
Format string can contain other characters, which will be ignored if they are present
If they’re not, you have a problem …
Remaining arguments are variable addresses
Use “address of” operator: &
For example, given: int a;
 The address of a is: &a
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
(c) 2005, P. H. Viall

12. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
scanf() and scanf_s()
Visual Studio users will see an error message when using scanf()
Function is technically not secure (not that it matters for our purposes)
Suggests use of scanf_s()
Windows-specific “secure” scan function
Preferred method of removing warnings:
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
That line must come before
#include <stdio.h>
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

13. ECE 160 - Introduction to Computer Engineering I
02/09/2005
scanf() function
Documentation info:
int scanf(const char *format [,argument] ...)
format - is format specifiers similar to printf() specifiers
arguments - are ADDRESSES of where to store what the user enters
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
(c) 2005, P. H. Viall

14. ECE 160 - Introduction to Computer Engineering I
02/09/2005
scanf() function
int hours; float rate;
scanf("%d %f",&hours,&rate);
If user types:
34 5.7
hours ?
1284
rate ?
1288
hours 34
1284
rate
5.7
1288
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
(c) 2005, P. H. Viall

15. scanf() format strings
scanf() will skip space characters for all types but %c
Read input until it finds something that’s not a space, then see if it matches the desired type
If type matches, value will be stored in specified variable
If type doesn’t match, nothing stored; function stops
Space in string only matters if using %c
%c will read any character
Includes spaces, newlines, etc.
Example: given scanf("%d%c", &i, &c);
Input: 3a  i = 3, c = 'a'
Input: 3 a  i = 3, c = ' '
Input: 3
a  i = 3, c = '\n' (assuming newline directly after 3)
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

16. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
scanf() return value
scanf() returns # of successfully read items
Ex.: given scanf("%d%d", &x, &y);
Input: 3 7  x = 3, y = 7, return value = 2
Input:  x = 3, y = 7, return value = 2
Input:  x = 3, y = ?, return value = 1
y is unchanged
Input: x1 7  x = ?, y = ?, return value = 0
x, y both unchanged
Can assign return value to variable
Example:
int numRead; // # input values read
numRead = scanf("%d%d", &x, &y);
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

17. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
Example
Variables: int i; double d; char c;
What values are read for each of the following inputs and scanf() calls? Assume the input is as follows:
scanf("%d%lf", &i, &d)
scanf("%d %lf", &i, &d)
scanf("%lf%d", &d, &i)
scanf("%d%c", &i, &c)
scanf("%d %c", &i, &c)
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

18. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
Example solution
What values are read for each of the following inputs and scanf() calls?
scanf("%d%lf", &i, &d)
 i = 34, d = 5.7
scanf("%d %lf", &i, &d)
scanf("%lf%d", &d, &i)
 d = 34, i = 5
scanf("%d%c", &i, &c)
 i = 34, c = ' ' (space)
scanf("%d %c", &i, &c)
 i = 34, c = '5'
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

19. Using scanf() and printf() together
ECE Introduction to Computer Engineering I
02/09/2005
Using scanf() and printf() together
#include <stdio.h>
int main() { int hours; float rate; float grosspay; printf("Enter hours: "); scanf("%d",&hours); printf("Enter pay rate: "); scanf("%f",&rate); grosspay = hours * rate; printf("You earned $%f\n",grosspay); }
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
(c) 2005, P. H. Viall

20. scanf() function - Payroll Ver 2
ECE Introduction to Computer Engineering I
02/09/2005
scanf() function - Payroll Ver 2
#include <stdio.h>
int main() { double hours; double rate; double grosspay; printf("Enter hours: "); scanf("%lf",&hours); printf("Enter pay rate: "); scanf("%lf",&rate); grosspay = hours * rate; printf("You earned $%lf\n",grosspay); }
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
(c) 2005, P. H. Viall

21. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
Flowcharts
Graphical representation of process
Shows all steps and their order
In programming, use to organize program before writing code
Basic elements
Process
Terminator (start/end)
Input/Output
Connector
Decision
Connector (off page)
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

22. Example: Quadratic Equation Solver
Start
Output
“Quadratic Equation Solver”
Output
“Enter A, B, C: ”
Input A, B, C
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

23. Quadratic Equation Solver (cont.)
TRUE
Output X
FALSE
DISC=B*B-4*A*C
DISC = 0?
TRUE
Output X
FALSE
DISC>0?
TRUE
Output
X1,X2
FALSE
Output
XREAL + XIMAG i
XREAL – XIMAG i
Done
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

24. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
Flowchart: solution
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

25. Converting flowchart to program
What data are used in the process?
Can those data be represented as constants?
If not, what variables are needed?
How many?
What type(s)?
How should variables be named?
What C statement corresponds to each process step?
Input statements: scanf()
Output statements: printf()
Terminators: start/end of main() function
Will generalize later to any function
General process steps: basic expressions
May need multiple lines of code
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

26. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
Debugging
Most IDEs allow ability to view state of program while running through debugger
View variable values
Execute program:
One line at a time (single step)
By running until reaching a pre-defined stopping point (breakpoint)
Can isolate bugs without altering program
Alternate solution: inserting print statements to show program state at various points
Disadvantages
Inefficient--repeated compilation, must keep adding statements
May actually alter operation of other statements
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

27. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
Sample program
Prompts user to enter four numbers on a single line, which represent the contents of a 2x2 array
After reading values, program prints matrix represented by these values
For example, if the user enters “ ”, print:
1 2
3 4
Assume all values have the same number of digits
Also, calculate the matrix determinant and print it on a separate line
In example above, determinant = (1x4) - (2x3) = 4-6 = -2
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

28. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6
Debug demonstration
Will use sample program to demonstrate use of following key features
Breakpoints
Single stepping through program
Viewing program state (variable values)
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ECE Application Programming: Lecture 6

29. ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5
Final notes
Next time
Conditional statements
Reminders:
Text exercises: Ch. 2 due 9/18
No late textbook exercises accepted!
Program 2 due Friday, 9/20
1/30/2020
ECE Application Programming: Lecture 5