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Threshold, Range, Multiplier Effects

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Presentation on theme: "Threshold, Range, Multiplier Effects"— Presentation transcript:

1 Threshold, Range, Multiplier Effects
Central Place Theory OBJECTIVE: Analyze the apply the components of Central Place Theory into real-world Urban Situations Central Place Hexagons Threshold, Range, Multiplier Effects

2 Terms we need to know (located at iLearn)
Urban Functions – What are they? Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Metropolis, Megalopolis – What’s difference between each one? # & type of urban functions Low order goods High order goods Population Threshold - # of people Market threshold – amount of $ in the place/area Range or Range of Sale Rank-Size Rule Functional hierarchies – this determines big, small, or medium – how does everything fit together? Basic Sector Non-basic Sector Multiplier Effect Complementary Region - exclusive hinterland within which the town has a monopoly on the sale of a certain good(s)

3 Limitations to CPT Large areas of flat land are not common
Many forms of transport – costs of each are not necessarily proportional People and wealth not evenly distributed Purchasing power of people differs Perfect competition is not realistic – there are rich and poor

4 Christaller looked at the arrangement of urban place and functions
Christaller looked at the arrangement of urban place and functions. He started trying to model what he saw. Ok, put your round crackers onto your paper towel and start hypothesizing as Christaller did. Next use the hexagonal crackers.

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6 The model to reality http://unplanning. blogspot

7 Central Places = Functional Regions – Commuter Flow http://www

8 Central Places = Functional Regions – Megaregions

9 Central Places = Functional Regions – Commutes of 160km or less

10 This video puts all the theory together

11 QUESTIONS??

12 Arrangement and Spacing of Urban Places
Circular shapes resulted in unserved or overlapped areas Hexagons had no gaps or overlaps This suggests an inverse relationship of higher order and lower order settlements (towns and cities) Theoretically, settlements will be equidistant from each other In other words, big towns/cities are farther apart from each other It’s all about types, number, and size of urban functions

13 What do we always say about models?
It’s just a model Is this what most men & women look like? It’s the same way with models in geography… Geography models are simply theoretical representations of the built environment

14 Assumptions of Central Place Theory
Isotropic plane – no variation (e.g., flat with no barriers to impede movement Even population distribution Rational behavior by consumers – assume that people will minimize the distance they travel to obtain a good or service That is, Consumers visit the nearest central places that provide the function which they demand Perfect competition and all sellers are trying to maximize their profits Consumers have similar purchasing power and demand for goods and services Transportation costs are equal in all directions No provider of goods or services is able to earn excess profit(each supplier has a monopoly over a hinterland) Central Places vary in size - small village to a conurbation Is part of a link in an urban hierarchy

15 Christaller’s Model Review:
Urban places are ranked in an orderly hierarchy. One is moved? Everything will shift to balance Real world has no absolutes, but Locational Theory does seem to work Places of same size with same number of functions would be spaced same distance apart Large cities are spaced farther apart from each other than towns or villages

16 Let’s look at Rank-Size Rule from Space

17 What about urban distribution and race?

18 So, let’s diagram with the model

19 Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

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