1. Java Programming: Chapter 14: Recursion Second Edition
From Problem Analysis to Program Design,
Second Edition

2. Chapter Objectives Learn about recursive definitions.
Explore the base case and the general case of a recursive definition.
Learn about recursive algorithms.
Learn about recursive methods.
Become aware of direct and indirect recursion.
Explore how to use recursive methods to implement recursive algorithms.
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

3. Introduction
// Program prints an array public class Print { // print array iteratively public static void printIterative( int[] array ) { for (int i=0; i< array.length; ++i ) System.out.print(array[i] + " "); // add ending newline } // end method printArray
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

4. // recursively print array private static void printArrayHelper( int[] array, int startIndex ) { if ( startIndex == array.length ) return; // print elements in normal order System.out.print( array[ startIndex ] + " " ); printArrayHelper( array, startIndex + 1 ); } // end method printArrayHelper
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

5. // recursively print array in reverse order private static void printArrayReverseHelper( int[] array, int startIndex ) { if ( startIndex == array.length ) return; // print elements in reverse order printArrayReverseHelper( array, startIndex + 1 ); System.out.print( array[ startIndex ] + " " ); } // end method printArrayHelper
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

6. public static void main( String args[] ) { int array[] = { 8, 22, 88, 34, 84, 21, 94 }; System.out.print( "Array is: " ); printArrayHelper( array, 0 ); // print array System.out.print( "Array in reverse order is: " ); printArrayReverseHelper( array , 0 );// print array in reverse order }
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

7. Recursive Definitions
Recursion:
Process of solving a problem by reducing it to smaller versions of itself.
Factorial of an integer:
0! = (14-1)
n! = n X (n-1)! If n > (14-2)
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

8. Recursive Definitions
Definition in which a problem is expressed in terms of a smaller version of itself.
Has one or more base cases.
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

9. Recursive Definitions
Recursive algorithm:
Algorithm that finds the solution to a given problem by reducing the problem to smaller versions of itself.
Has one or more base cases.
Implemented using recursive methods.
Recursive method:
Method that calls itself.
Base case:
Case in recursive definition in which the solution is obtained directly.
Stops the recursion.
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

10. Recursive Factorial Method
public static int fact (int num) {
if (num == 0)
return 1;
else
return num * fact(num-1); }
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

11. Recursive Factorial Method
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

12. Recursive Definitions
General solution:
Breaks problem into smaller versions of itself.
General case:
Case in recursive definition in which a smaller version of itself is called.
Must eventually be reduced to a base case.
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

13. Tracing a Recursive Method
Has unlimited copies of itself.
Every recursive call has its own:
Code
Set of parameters
Set of local variables
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

14. Tracing a Recursive Method
After completing a recursive call:
Control goes back to the calling environment.
Recursive call must execute completely before control goes back to previous call.
Execution in previous call begins from point immediately following recursive call.
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

15. Recursive Definitions
Directly recursive: A method that calls itself.
Indirectly recursive: A method that calls another method and eventually results in the original method call.(method A calls method B and method B calls method A)
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

16. Recursive Definitions
Tail recursive method: Recursive method in which the last statement executed is the recursive call.
Infinite recursion: The case where every recursive call results in another recursive call. The method will excute until the system runs out of memory
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

17. Designing Recursive Methods
Understand problem requirements.
Determine limiting conditions.( ex:the number of elements in a list)
Identify base cases.
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

18. Designing Recursive Methods
Provide direct solution to each base case.
Identify general cases.
Provide solutions to general cases in terms of smaller versions of general cases.
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

19. Largest Value in Array public static int largest(int[] list,
int lowerIndex,
int upperIndex) {
int max;
if (lowerIndex == upperIndex)
return list[lowerIndex];
else
max = largest(list, lowerIndex + 1,
upperIndex);
if (list[lowerIndex] >= max)
return max; }
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

20. Largest Value in Array
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

21. Recursive Fibonacci
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

22. Recursive Fibonacci public static int rFibNum(int a, int b, int n) {
if(n = = 1)
return a;
else if (n = = 2)
return b;
else
return rFibNum(a, b, n -1) +
rFibNum(a, b, n - 2); }
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

23. Recursive Fibonacci
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

24. Recursion or Iteration?
Two ways to solve particular problem:
Iteration
Recursion
Iterative control structures use looping to repeat a set of statements.
Tradeoffs between two options:
Sometimes recursive solution is easier.
Recursive solution is often slower.
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

25. Programming Example: Decimal to Binary
Call the remainder of x after division by 2 the right most bit of x.
Lets find the binary rep. of 35:
Divide 35 by 2. the result is 17
The right most bit of 35 is 1
Divide 17 by 2 = 8
The right most bit of 17 is 1
Divide 8 by 2 = 4
The right most bit of 8 is 0 .
Until the quotient = 0
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

26. Programming Example: Decimal to Binary
The right most bit of 35 cannot be printed until we have printed the right most bit of 17.
The right most bit of 17 cannot be printed until we have printed the right most bit of 8, and so on.
The binary rep. of 35 = the binary rep. of 17 follwed by the right most bit of 35
The algorithm:
binary (num) = num if num = 0
binary (num) = binary(num / 2) followed by num%2 if num > 0
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

27. Programming Example: Decimal to Binary
public static void decToBin(int num,
int base) {
if (num > 0)
decToBin(num / base, base);
System.out.print(num % base); }
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

28. Programming Example: Decimal to Binary
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

29. Enumeration Types
Java allows programmers to create their own data types by specifying the values of that data type.
These are called enumeration or enum types
They are defined using the key word enum
Ex: enum Grades {A, B, C, D, F};
The values of an enum type are called enumeration or enum constants.
The enum constants within an enum type must be unique.
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

30. Enumeration Types
Each enum type is a special type of class, and the values belonging to the enum type are (special types of) objects of that class.
Grades is a class
A, B, C, D, and F are public static reference variables to objects of the type Grades.
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

31. Enumeration Types
After an enum type is defined you can declare reference variables of that type.
Grades myGrade;
Because each of the variables A, B, C, D, and F are public static, they can be accessed using the name of the class and the dot operator.
myGrade = Grades.B;
System.out.println(“myGrade: “ + myGrade);
Output:
myGrade: B
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

32. Enumeration Types
Ordinal value: a specific value for each enum constant in an enum type.
The ordinal value of the first enum constant is 0, The ordinal value of the second enum constant is 1, and so on.
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

33. Enumeration Types There are some methods associated with enum types:
ordinal() : returns the ordinal value of an enum constant
name(): returns the name of the enum value
values():returns the values of an enum type as a list
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

34. "value of myGrade is “ + myGrade.ordinal());
public class EnumExample1 { enum Grades {A, B, C, D, F}; enum Sports {Baseball, Basketball, Football, Golf, Hockey, Soccer, Tennis};
public static void main(String[] args) { Grades myGrade; Sports mySport; myGrade = Grades.A; mySport = Sports.Basketball; System.out.println("Line 8: My grade: " + myGrade); System.out.println("Line 9: The ordinal "+
"value of myGrade is “ + myGrade.ordinal());
System.out.println("Line 10: myGrade name: "+myGrade.name()); System.out.println("Line 11: My sport: " + mySport);
System.out.println("Line 12: The ordinal " "value of mySport is "+mySport.ordinal()); System.out.println("Line 13: mySport name: "+mySport.name()); System.out.println("Line 14: Sports: "); for (Sports sp : Sports.values()) System.out.println(sp + "'s ordinal " "value is " sp.ordinal()); System.out.println(); } }
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

35. output Line 8: My grade: A Line 9: The ordinal value of myGrade is 0
Line 10: myGrade name: A
Line 11: My sport: Basketball
Line 12: The ordinal value of mySport is 1
Line 13: mySport name: Basketball
Line 14: Sports:
Baseball's ordinal value is 0
Basketball's ordinal value is 1
Football's ordinal value is 2
Golf's ordinal value is 3
Hockey's ordinal value is 4
Soccer's ordinal value is 5
Tennis's ordinal value is 6
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

36. Enumeration Types
enum types can also contain constructors, (private) data members, and methods.
Use the word enum rather than class.
enum types are implicitly final because enum constants should not be modefied.
enum constants are implicitly static.
You can declare reference variables of enum type, but you cannot instantiate objects using he operator new. (the constructors of an enum type are implicitly private)
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

37. Redefining the enum type Grades
public enum Grades { A ("Range 90% to 100%"), B ("Range 80% to 89.99%"), C ("Range 70% to 79.99%"), D ("Range 60% to 69.99%"), F ("Range 0% to 59.99%"); private final String range; private Grades() // or Grades() without the word private { range = ""; } private Grades(String str) // or Grades(String str)
{ range = str; } public String getRange() { return range; } }
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

38. Example D-3
public class EnumExample2 { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Grade Ranges"); //Line for (Grades gr : Grades.values()) //Line System.out.println(gr + " " gr.getRange()); //Line System.out.println(); //Line } }
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition

39. output Grade Ranges A Range 90% to 100% B Range 80% to 89.99%
C Range 70% to 79.99%
D Range 60% to 69.99%
F Range 0% to 59.99%
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition