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BENTHAM AND HOOKER’S SYSTEM OF ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION
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INTRODUCTION Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan. Some of the earlier systems of classification of angiosperms were artificial systems, since they used only certain superficial characteristics as the basis. With more and more detailed study on the morphological, physiological and reproductive aspects of angiosperms, the artificial systems of classifications were replaced by the natural systems of classification.
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George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker - Two English taxonomists who were closely associated with the Royal Botanical Garden at Kew, England have given a detailed classification of plant kingdom, particularly the angiosperms. They gave an outstanding system of classification of phanerogams in their Genera Plantarum which was published in three volumes between the years 1862 to It is a natural system of classification. They described 97,205 species of flowering plants grouped into 202 orders (now recognised as families). The system has the advantage of being the first great natural system of classification, which is very easy to follow.
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George Bentham Joseph Dalton Hooker
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SUB-CLASS - POLYPETALAE
petals separate Series THALAMIFLORAE DISCIFLORAE CALYCIFLORAE Orders Orders Orders Ranales Geraniales Rosales Parietales Olacales Myrtales Polygalineae Celastrales Passiflorales Caryophyllineae Sapindales Ficoidales Guttiferales Umbellales Malvales
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Many stamens in the androecium.
THALAMIFLORAE Many stamens in the androecium. Flower is hypogynous Orders Ranales Parietales Polygalineae Caryophyllineae Guttiferales Malvales Families Families Families Families Families Families Ranunculaceae Sarraceniaceae Pittosporaceae Frankeniaceae Elatinaceae Malvaceae Hypericaceae Sterculiaceae Dilleniaceae Papaveraceae Tremandraceae Caryophyllaceae Portulacaceae Guttiferae Tiliaceae Calycanthaceae Cruciferae Polygalaceae Tamaricaceae Theaceae Magnoliaceae Capparaceae Dipterocarpaceae Annonaceae Resedaceae Sarcolaenaceae Menispermaceae Cistaceae Berberidaceae Violaceae Nymphaceae Canellaceae Bixaceae.
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Hypogynous flowers with a cushion-like disc around or below the ovary
DISCIFLORAE Hypogynous flowers with a cushion-like disc around or below the ovary Orders Geraniales Olacales Celastrales Sapindales Families Families Families Families Linaceae Olacaceae Celastraceae Sapindaceae Humiriaceae Aquifoliaceae Stackhousiaceae Meliosmaceae Rhamnaceae Malpighiaceae Anacardiaceae Vitaceae Coriariaceae Zygophyllaceae Moringaceae Geraniaceae Rutaceae Simaroubaceae Ochnaceae Burseraceae Meliaceae Dichapetalaceae
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CALYCIFLORAE Orders Rosales Myrtales Passiflorales Ficoidales
Flowers epigynous or perigynous Thalamus is in the form of a cup Orders Rosales Myrtales Passiflorales Ficoidales Umbellales Families Families Families Families Families Connaraceae Rhizophoraceae Loasaceae Cactaceae Umbelliferae Araliaceae Leguminosae Combretaceae Turneraceae Aizoaceae Cornaceae Rosaceae Myrtaceae Passifloraceae Melastomataceae Saxifragaceae Cucurbitaceae Lythraceae Crassulaceae Begoniaceae Onagraceae Droseraceae Datiscaceae Hamamelidaceae Bruniaceae Haloragaceae
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SUB-CLASS - GAMOPETALAE
petals fused Series INFERAE HETEROMERAE BICARPELLATAE Orders Orders Orders Rubiales Ericales Gentianales Asterales Primulales Polemoniales Campanulales Ebenales Personiales Lamiales
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Flowers with inferior ovary
INFERAE Flowers with inferior ovary Orders Rubiales Asterales Campanulales Families Families Families Caprifoliaceae Valerianaceae Stylidaceae Dipsacaceae Rubiaceae Goodeniaceae Calyceraceae Campanulaceae Compositae
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Flowers with superior ovary Number of carpels - more than two
HETEROMERAE Flowers with superior ovary Number of carpels - more than two Orders Ericales Primulales Ebenales Families Families Families Ericaceae Plumbaginaceae Sapotaceae Clethraceae Primulaceae Ebenaceae Epacridaceae Myrsinaceae Styracaceae Diapensiaceae Lennoceae
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Ovary superior, with 2 carpels
BICARPELLATAE Ovary superior, with 2 carpels Orders Gentianales Polemoniales Personiales Lamiales Families Families Families Families Oleaceae Polemoniaceae Scrophulariaceae Myoporaceae Salvadoraceae Hydrophyllaceae Globulariaceae Verbenaceae Apocynaceae Boraginaceae Lentibulariaceae Labiatae Asclepiadaceae Convolvulaceae Gesneriaceae Plantaginaceae Loganiaceae Solanaceae Bignoniaceae Gentianaceae Pedaliaceae Acanthaceae
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MONOCHLAMYDEAE only 1 kind of perianth Curvembryae Series Multiovulate
Aquaticae Multiovulate Terrestris Microembryae Daphnales Achlamydo -sporae Unisexuales Ordines Anomali Families Families Families Families Families Families Families Families Nyctaginaceae Amaranthaceae Chenopodiaceae Podostemaceae Nepenthaceae Piperaceae Lauraceae Loranthaceae Santalaceae Balanophoraceae Euphorbiaceae Salicaceae Cyinaceae Chloranthaceae Proteaceae Balanopaceae Empetraceae Myristicaceae Myristicaceae Thymelaeaceae Urticaceae Ceratophyllaceae Monimiaceae Penaeaceae Ficoidales Ficoidales Platanaceae Lacisternaceae Batidaceae Polygonaceae Phytolaccaceae Elaegnaceae Leitneriaceae Juglandaceae Myricaceae ficoidales Casuarinaceae Betulaceae
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CLASS-MONOCOTYLEDONAE 1 cotyledon, flowers trimerous
Series Microspermae Epigynae Coronarieae Calycinae Nudiflorae Apocarpae Glumaceae Families Families Families Families Families Families Families Hydrocharitaceae Scitamineae Roxburghiceae Flagellariaceae Pandanaceae Triuridaceae Eriocaulaceae Centrolepidaceae Burmanniaceae Bromeliaceae Liliaceae Juncaceae Cyclanthaceae Alismataceae Pontederiaceae Palmae Typhaceae Najadaceae Restionaceae Orchidaceae Haemodoraceae Cyperaceae Philydraceae Araceae Iridaceae Lemnaceae Gramineae Xyridaceae Amaryllidaceae Mayacaceae Taccaceae Commelinaceae Dioscoreaceae Rapateaceae
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DRAWBACKS Gymnosperms were placed between Dicots and Monocots.
Many important floral characters were neglected. It is not a phylogenetic scheme. Some of the closely related families have been separated and placed under different cohotrs and a number of unrelated families put together. Some advanced families like Orchidaceae have been regarded as primitive by placing in the beginning.
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