1. THE SUGAR CANE LEAF HOPPER
PYRILLA PERPUSILLA
THE SUGAR CANE LEAF HOPPER

2. PYRILLA PERPUSILLA SYSTEMATIC POSITION; Phylum - Arthropoda
Class Insecta
Order Hemiptera
Family Fulgoridae
Genus Pyrilla
Species Perpusilla

3. INTRODUCTION The term was given by Walker in 1851.
It was found in Punjab for the first time in 1917 at Lahore.
Four years later it was found damaging maize [Zea mays] at agricultural farm Lyallpur.
It was on the introduction of soft and broad leaves varities of sugarcane [Saccharum officinarum] in 1920.

4. DISTRIBUTION
Pest is found throughout the Indian subcontinent from Afghanistan to Burma & Thailand.
Widely distributed in Punjab, where it has been recorded from the various localities :
Ferozpur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana, Hissar, Lyallpur, Karnal, Patiala etc..
Outside the Punjab it has been recorded in Bihar, Orissa, Nagpur, Uttar Pradesh.

5. FOOD PLANTS WINTER SUMMER Wheat [Triticum spp]
Barley [Hordeum vulgare]
Oats [Avena sativa]
Swank grass [Panicum colonum]
Chari [Andropogon sorghum]
Maize [Zea mays]
Bajra [Pennisetum typhoidum]
Guinea grass [Panicum maximum]

6. LIFE STAGES EGG: Length = 1mm Breadth = o.47mm
Elongated oval, chorion smooth.
Pale white to light bluish when freshly laid, developing an ochraeous brown tinge before hatching.

7. EGG’S OF PYRILLA

8. EGG’S OF PYRILLA

9. LIFE STAGES NYMPH: Initially greenish, later turn pale brownish.
Wingless & with a pair of anal filaments covered with a fluffy waxy material.
Starts feeding by sucking sap from the cane leaves.
Nymphs are very hard & not affected by frost.
It undergoes 4-5 moults.

10. NYMPH

11. LIFE STAGES ADULT: Length = 7-8mm
Soft, light brown with a pointed snout bearing piercing and sucking mouthparts.
Prominent red eyes and a pair of whitish brown anal processes with white mealy wax.
Wings have dark patches.

12. ADULT

13. ADULT

14. LIFE HISTORY
Pyrilla breeds throughout the year & migrates from one crop to another for fresh food.
The adults are fairly long lived.
From emergence to death of males is between days with an average of 80 days.
The females average is rather longer than males.

16. PRE-OVIPOSITION
The duration of pre-oviposition periods depends upon the season:
During April to October it lasts for days with an average of 19 days.
During November-December it lasts for days with an average of 32 days.

17. OVIPOSITION
A female dies soon after oviposition during summer but lives for a long time in winter.
For example during the period from April to October during female lived 1-9 days while during November to March they lived days.
In summer the female leafhopper lays eggs in clusters on the undersurface of leaf and within the leafsheaths in winters.

18. EGG’S OF PYRILLA

19. EGGS CLUSTER
WITHIN LEAFSHEATH
UNDERSURFACE OF LEAF

20. OVIPOSITION There are 300-500 eggs in a cluster.
Eggs are laid by installments, the oviposition period occupying days.
Eggs laid in April-October hatches out in 8-10 days.
Eggs laid during mid-October- mid-November & mid-November- mid-December takes days and days respectively to hatch.

21. THE NYMPHAL INSTARS
There are 5 nymphal instars, the duration of which varies according to the season.
From April to September the seperate stages averaged 7-11 days with a total period of days.
Those hatching in October averaged days with a total period of 160 days.
Those hatching in January averaged days with a total of 103 days.

22. THE NYMPHAL INSTARS

23. THE ADULT and 18-20 weeks in Winter.
Adult lives 4-7 weeks in Summer
and weeks in Winter.
Entire life cycle takes 65 days in
Summer and 160 days in Winter.

24. LIFE CYCLE

25. SEASONAL HISTORY

26. DAMAGE
Both adult & nymphs do damage, sucking the juice usually from underside of a leaf.
The attacked leaf became pale & wilted.
The pest produces “Honeydew” an excellent substratum for the development of soothy mould [Capnodium spp.].
The mould interfers in the proper functioning of leaves.

27. ADULT PYRILLA & NYMPH DAMAGING THE CROP

28. The mould interferes with photosynthesis and adversely affects the quantity and quality of crop.
The sugar content of the crop falls upto 35%.
The glucose content increases while sucrose decreases.

29. CONTROL MECHANICAL METHOD’S:
Burning all the thrash after harvesting the sugarcane crop in an infected field.

30. Uprooting & Destruction Of Seriously Infected Plants

31. CHEMICAL METHOD’S
Dusting the infected crop with 10% BHC & 10% Carbaryl or 5% kg/ha

32. SPRAY ENDOSULPHAN OR FENITROTHION

33. BIOLOGICAL METHOD’s Introducing hyper parasite:
Tetrastychus pyrillae parasitize the eggs.
Dryinus pyrillae parasitized the nymphs

34. CONCLUSION
Pyrilla perpusilla is one of the most destructive sugarcane pest.
Widely distributed, also feeds on oats, wheat, barley, maize, chari etc..
Three life stages: Egg, Nymph & Adult.
Causes destruction in functioning of leaves.
Control can be done by Mechanical, Chemical and Physical methods.

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