1. Cell Transport
Photo Credit: © Quest/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.

2. Summary of Organelles

3. Cell Transport

4. The Cell: High School Biology (good overview, 7:21)

5. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane (membrane in motion, good as first intro1:26)
Cell Membrane & Homeostasis (and the Cell Membrane King), Amoeba Sisters (body shivers like membrane, king membrane, cute graphics, 3:45)
Inside the cell membrane (Amoeba sisters, cell size, fluid mosaic model, phospholipids, 9:08)   
Insights into cell membranes via dish detergent – (TED - sturdy but flexible membrane, history of development, lipids, hydrophobic & philic, good intro, 3:49)
Cell membrane how it works (easy way) (explanations on paper, then shows good graphics of bilayer, proteins, etc. no sound to go with the writen details(3:11)
Cell Membranes Rap (teacher, captioned with good graphics, good membrane detail, rbc types, 3:39)

6. The Plasma Membrane (voice over, good graphics, focus on phospholipids, atomic motion, blue dye diffuses thru water, intro osmosis & dialysis 5:15)
The Cell Membrane (Bozeman Science, phospholipids, musk ox protects young analogy, proteins & carbs on surface, aguaporins, finish with 3 main points about cell membranes, 6:22)
Cell Membranes (Bozeman Science, 2nd part of cell membrane, why soap works in DNA extraction, selective permeability graphic organizer notes,more details on cell proteins, transport, (11:03)
Transport across Cell Membranes (gas particles move thru container, great passive/active overview with graphic organizer 1:25-3:00, movement across gradient, O2 diffusion across alveoli 4:55, osmosis-hyper, hypo, isotonic 7:30, facilitated diffusion-sugar transport protein 9:30 co-transport in gut 10:25, active transport-Na+K+pump 11:30, endo-bacteria eating in WBC 12:50 & exocytosis-nerve cells send neurotransmitters 13:57)
Plasma Membrane (moving amoeba, diffusion thru water, life action diffusion in cells, hyper & hypo rbc, active & passive, Na/K pump, phagocytosis in amoeba, 14:28)

7.  Cell Boundaries
Cell membrane: thin, flexible barrier around ALL cells (cell membrane is also sometimes called the plasma membrane)
-ALL Cells have a cell membrane: Prokaryotic (Bacteria) & Eukaryotic (Plant & Animal cells)
Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane (membrane in motion, good as first intro1:26)
Photo Credit: © Quest/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Plasma membrane =
Cell membrane

8.  Cell Boundaries
Cell Wall: Some cells (plant, some bacteria) also have a cell wall, which is thick & rigid but also porous enough to allow some substances to pass through (water, oxygen, food etc.)
porous = has spaces in it which allows some things to pass through
Photo Credit: © Quest/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.

9. strength, support (allows tall plants to to reach the sun)
Cell Wall: Outside the cell (plasma) membrane in plants and bacteria, animals do NOT have cell walls
Functions: give
cells extra
strength, support (allows tall plants to to reach the sun)
& protection helps keep some bad things out of these cells
Plasma membrane =
Cell membrane

10. Both:
Surround cells
Regulates what goes into & out of cells
Cell Wall:
Only in Plant & some bacteria cells
Thick & Rigid
Made of cellulose (carbohydrate layer)
Doesn’t move, gives plants strength, & shape (trunks, etc)
Cell Membrane:
In ALL cells (plant, animal, bacteria)
Thin & Flexible
Made of 2 layers of phospholipids (lipid bilayer)
Always moving & changing

11. Cell Wall- gives extra strength & protection, helps keep bad things out of cell
e.g. some bacteria have cell walls which keep medicine (antibiotics) out of the cell, this keeps the antibiotics from killing them

12.  Cell Boundaries
Cell membrane: it is selectively permeable (= only allows some things to move into or out of the cell )
The cell membrane has two major functions.
Forms a protective boundary between inside and outside of the cell (like your body’s skin)
Controls what materials can come into & out of cell

13. Chain Link Fence

14. Some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot
Cell Membrane is selectively permeable (some things can move through but others cannot, so the cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell)
Some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot

15. Cell Membrane: Label your diagram
The cell membranes is made of a double-layered sheet called a lipid bilayer made of phospholipids
Outside of cell
Carbohydrate chains
Proteins
Cell membrane
The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Inside of cell (cytoplasm)
Protein channel
Phospho-Lipid bilayer

16. Lifted Cell Membrane
bad
bad

17. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane (membrane in motion, good as first intro1:26)
Cell Membrane & Homeostasis (and the Cell Membrane King), Amoeba Sisters (body shivers like membrane, king membrane, cute graphics, 3:45)
Inside the cell membrane (Amoeba sisters, cell size, fluid mosaic model, phospholipids, 9:08)   
Insights into cell membranes via dish detergent – (TED - sturdy but flexible membrane, history of development, lipids, hydrophobic & philic, good intro, 3:49)
Cell membrane how it works (easy way) (explanations on paper, then shows good graphics of bilayer, proteins, etc. no sound to go with the writen details(3:11)
Cell Membranes Rap (teacher, captioned with good graphics, good membrane detail, rbc types, 3:39)

18. Phospholipids – consist of a phosphate group (on one end) and a lipid tail on the other end
Phosphate “head” is hydrophilic (water-liking; making it polar)
Lipid “tail” is hydrophobic (water-fearing; nonpolar-it likes oils)

19. Phospholipid Bilayer with Hydrophilic (water loving) head & Hydrophobic (water fearing) tail

20. Cell Membrane
Proteins in the cell membrane form channels (gates) & pumps to move materials across membrane, some hold carbohydrates chains
Carbohydrate chains on the membrane help identify the cell & help with communication between cells
The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

21. Proteins are the gates- allow some things to enter
Carbohydrates are guards (ID what belongs & what doesn’t)

22. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
Every living cell exists in a liquid environment (home)
The cell membrane controls movement of things (food, nutrients, molecules, ions, etc.) from the liquid on one side of the membrane to the liquid on the other side.

23. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
Measuring Concentration 
A solution is a mixture of two or more substances
The substances dissolved in the solution are called solutes (e.g. sugar), they are dissolved in the solvent (e.g. coffee)
The concentration of a solution is a measure of how much material is dissolved in the solvent (the mass of solute in a given liquid volume or mass/volume)

24. Concentration = # of molecules in an area
Low
Concentration
High Concentration

25. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
Diffusion: Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to area of lower concentration 
caused by the random motion of particles in the substance, (this random motion is created by the particles own movements, which are created by the particles own self-contained energy)

26. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
These particles move from where they are in high concentration to low by diffusion
Diffusion does NOT need provided energy since its powered by the particle’s own random motion
Equilibrium-when the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system
Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries

27. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
There is a higher concentration of solute (particles) on one side of this membrane as compared to the other side of the membrane.
Diffusion is the process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. Diffusion does not require the cell to use energy.

28. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
Solute particles move from the side of the membrane with a HIGHER concentration of solute to the side of the membrane with a lower concentration of solute.
The solute particles will continue to diffuse (move) across the membrane as equilibrium is reached
(equilibrium = same number of particles on both sides)
Diffusion is the process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. Diffusion does not require the cell to use energy.

29. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
Diffusion is the process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. Diffusion does not require the cell to use energy.
Diffusion-particles move from high to low concentration
Diffusion continues
Equilibrium reached and particles still randomly move from one side to the other

30. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
When equilibrium is reached, some solute particles continue to diffuse across the membrane in both directions-this is Dynamic Equilibrium
(Dynamic = still happening, still in motion)
Diffusion is the process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. Diffusion does not require the cell to use energy.

31. Small or no difference in concentration=low concentration gradient
Concentration Gradient – difference in the concentration of a substance across a membrane or area
Big difference in concentration =high concentration gradient: particles appear to move quickly “down” the gradient from high to low concentration
Small or no difference in concentration=low concentration gradient

32. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
Diffusion depends on random particle movements from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Therefore, substances diffuse across cell membranes without needing the cell to use energy.
Diffusion is Passive Transport, since it does NOT need energy from the cell
The cell gets some of its most important needs met for free! e.g. H2O, O2 & glucose (food) moved into the cell while CO2 is moved out of the cell
(random = by chance, accidently)
(passive = not active, no energy needed)

33. Warm up What is diffusion?
2. True or False: diffusion needs the cell to spend energy for it to happen.
3. Which way does water move: from where water is in high concentration to where it is in low concentration or from low water concentration to high water concentration?
4. Which type of water has the highest concentration of water: tap or distilled water

34. What is diffusion? Movement of particles from area of high concentration to low concentration
2. True or False: diffusion needs the cell to spend energy for it to happen.
Which way does water move: from where water is in high concentration to where it is in low concentration or from low water concentration to high water concentration?
Which type of water has the highest concentration of water: tap or distilled water?

35. Osmosis: the diffusion of water from areas where water is in high concentration to areas where water is in low concentration. This happens through a selectively permeable membrane.

36. Osmosis
Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion (diffusion of water); it is also passive since it also doesn’t need energy from the cell to work
Water (H2O) is a small molecule so it can move freely across some cell membranes but some cells have special protein channels (aquaporins) to move water in faster

37. Other smaller molecules (oxygen-O2, carbon dioxide-CO2, etc
Other smaller molecules (oxygen-O2, carbon dioxide-CO2, etc.) can also move freely across membranes. They are also powered by random motion generated by their own internal energy. The passive movement of any particle from an area of high concentration to low concentration is diffusion. The diffusion of water is called osmosis

38. Osmosis- Movement of water from where water is highly concentrated to where water is less concentrated
How Osmosis Works
Concentrated sugar solution:This side has higher Sugar concentration so there is less room for Water, so water is less concentrated on this side
Dilute sugar solution:
Sugar is less concentrated on this side,so there is more room for Water, so water is more (highly) concentrated on this side
Sugar molecules
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. In the first beaker, water is more concentrated on the right side of the membrane. As a result, the water diffuses (as shown in the second beaker) to the area of lower concentration.
Selectively permeable membrane: allows water to move across but not sugar

39. Osmosis -How Osmosis Works
Dilute sugar solution Sugar less concentrated,
Water more concentrated
Concentrated sugar solution Sugar more concentrated, Water less concentrated
Sugar molecules
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. In the first beaker, water is more concentrated on the right side of the membrane. As a result, the water diffuses (as shown in the second beaker) to the area of lower concentration.
Water moves from where it is highly concentrated to where water is less concentrated
Selectively permeable membrane: allows water to move across but not sugar

40. Osmosis
Water tends to move (diffuse) from an area where water is more concentrated to an area where water is less concentrated.
Sometimes its easier to think of it as “Water follows the particles”

41. So….who cares about osmosis? YOUR BODY DOES!

42. Osmosis
If you compare two solutions, the more concentrated solution is hypertonic (“above strength”)
The less concentrated solution is hypotonic (“below strength”)
When concentrations of solutions are the same on both sides of a membrane, the solutions are isotonic (”same strength”).

43. Osmosis
Osmotic Pressure 
Osmosis exerts a pressure or force called osmotic pressure on the hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane.
This pulls water into the more hypertonic solution (water follows particles, e.g. salt, sugar, proteins, etc.)

44. Osmosis
Because the cell is filled with salts, sugars, proteins, and other molecules, cells will always be hypertonic (more concentrated) compared to pure water.
The osmotic pressure will make water move into the cell. As a result, the volume (size) of the cell will increase until the cell becomes bigger (swollen) or it can even burst (break)

45. Osmosis
In cells placed into a hypertonic solution, water will move out of the cell since more particles are outside the cell then inside, water follows particles
Isotonic solutions are just right, no change
In cells placed into a hypotonic solution, water will move into the cell since more particles are inside the cell than outside, water follows particles

46. Osmosis in Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Isotonic–solution and cell have same concentration of water and particles, no change-RBC is safe, keeps its “donut” shape
Hypertonic – fluid outside of cell has more particles (parts) and less water than the cell – water moves out of cell, cell gets smaller (shrinks) – since water follows particles
Hypotonic–fluid outside of cell has fewer particles (parts) and more water than cell–water moves into cell, cell gets bigger – again, water follows particles

48. Identify the conditions these red blood cells are in (hypotonic, isotonic or hypertonic):

49. Osmosis
Cells in large organisms are not in danger of bursting because they are bathed in isotonic fluids, such as the liquid part of blood (plasma) that are keep them safe
Some cells are surrounded by tough cell walls that prevent the cells from expanding too much, maybe bursting, even even under tremendous osmotic pressure.

50. Plant Cells and how they react in different solutions
Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic
water moves in no change water moves out & cells expand & cells shrink

51. Amoeba Sisters: Osmosis: A Solute and Solvent Love Story (hyper, hypo, iso (9:27)
diffusion and osmosis (simple, drawing with voice over, active transport 4:55)
How Osmosis Works (moving water in split beaker 1:40)
Osmosis.mp4 (dr explains, rbc’s burst, dialysis tubing 5:06)
Osmosis! Rap Science Music Video (gummy bear, hypo, hyper, iso, rbc, perimysium vacuoles 4:02)
Cell Membranes Rap (teacher, captioned with good graphics, good membrane detail, rbc types, 3:39)
Diffusion and Osmosis (diffusion 1st , conc. Gradient, random movement, osmosis, boring (13:13)
Biology Help: Diffusion and Osmosis explained in 5 minutes!! (good explanation but intense, 4:53)

52. Warm up: 1. What is osmosis?
2. Does the cell need to use energy for osmosis to happen?
3. What is hypertonic? Hypotonic? Isotonic?
4. Are cells hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic to pure water salts, sugars & proteins?
5. What types of cells are protected from bursting by cell walls?
6. Are gummy bears hypotonic in particles or hypertonic in particles compared to water?

53. What is osmosis? Diffusion of WATER (movement of water from high concentration to low concentration)
Does the cell need to use energy for osmosis to happen? –no, osmosis is powered by water particles own random motion
What is hypertonic? More concentrated Hypotonic? Less concentrated Isotonic? Same concentration
Are cells hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic to pure water in salts, sugars & proteins?
5. What types of cells are protected from bursting by cell walls? – plant cells
Do you think that gummy bears are hypotonic or hypertonic compared to water in salts, sugars & proteinss

54. Facilitated Diffusion
Cell membranes have protein channels that act as carriers, making it easier for certain molecules to cross the membrane
No energy needed, so its still passive transport
Facilitated means helped or assisted

55. Facilitated Diffusion
The movement of specific particles (molecules, ions, atoms, etc.) across cell membranes through protein channels is called facilitated diffusion.
Hundreds of different protein channels have been found that allow specific particles to cross different membranes.

56. Facilitated Diffusion
Since its Passive, Particles move into or out of the cell, always from where they are in high to where they are in low concentration
Into the cell OR
out of the cell, both can be facilitated diffusion

57. Facilitated Diffusion
Glucose molecules
Facilitated Diffusion
During facilitated diffusion, molecules, such as glucose, that cannot diffuse across the cell membrane’s lipid bilayer on their own move through protein channels
During facilitated diffusion, molecules, such as glucose, that cannot diffuse across the cell membrane’s lipid bilayer on their own move through protein channels instead.
Protein channel

58. Facilitated Diffusion
Although facilitated diffusion is fast and specific, it is still diffusion, which needs no energy from the cell (passive)
Therefore, facilitated diffusion will only occur if there is a higher concentration of the particular molecules on one side of a cell membrane as compared to the other side.

59. Diffusion & Osmosis

60. Amoeba Sisters: Osmosis: A Solute and Solvent Love Story (hyper, hypo, iso (9:27)
diffusion and osmosis (simple, drawing with voice over, active transport 4:55)
How Osmosis Works (moving water in split beaker 1:40)
Osmosis.mp4 (dr explains, rbc’s burst, dialysis tubing 5:06)
Osmosis! Rap Science Music Video (gummy bear, hypo, hyper, iso, rbc, perimysium vacuoles 4:02)
Diffusion and Osmosis (diffusion 1st , conc. Gradient, random movement, osmosis, boring (13:13)
Biology Help: Diffusion and Osmosis explained in 5 minutes!! (good explanation but intense, 4:53)

61. Facilitated Diffusion (1:42)
Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion & Active Transport: Movement across the Cell Membrane (Mr. Pollock Biology, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active, end at 3:30)
Facilitated Diffusion (student skit, glucose tried to cross membrane 3:55)
(Passive) Diffusion - Simple and Facilitated (voiced over while activily drawing10:39)
Passive Transport (updated) (Beverly Bio, 17:20
Diffusion and Osmosis (voiced over graphics 13:13)
Passive vs. Active transport (Beverly Bio, voiced over graphics, river analogy, captions 11:29)

62. Active Transport
Sometimes cells need to move materials in the opposite direction from which the materials would normally move (normal diffusion =from high to low concentration; abnormal movement = from low to high concentration)
Abby Normal:
Normal:

63. Active Transport
Sometimes cells need to move materials from an area of low concentration to an area where it is already in high concentration, that is against a concentration difference. This process is known as active transport.
Active transport requires energy (energy in cells=ATP)

64. Active Transport Single Molecular Transport thru the cell membrane
In this type of molecular transport, individual small molecules and ions are carried across membranes by proteins in the membrane.
Energy used in these systems enables cells to concentrate substances in a particular location, from areas where the particles are in low concentration to where they are already in high concentration; without the energy, diffusion would move them in the opposite direction.

65. Active Transport Molecule to be carried
Active transport of particles against a concentration difference requires transport proteins and energy.

66. Active Transport
Facilitated Diffusion
Passive Diffusion

67. Larger Molecular Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis- Large molecules and even solid clumps of material may undergo active transport by means of the cell membrane itself

68. Active Transport Endo = into
Endocytosis is the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane itself
The cell sometimes needs to take in larger particles into itself so it folds the cell membrane around it, eventually, the pocket breaks loose
from the outer portion of
the cell membrane and
forms a vacuole within
the cytoplasm.
Endo = into

69. Two types of endocytosis are:
-Phagocytosis: take in large particles (cell “eating”)
-Pinocytosis: take a bit smaller particles (cell “drinking”)

70. Active Transport
In phagocytosis, extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole. The cell then engulfs it. “cell eating”
Phagocytosis requires a lot of energy.

71. Active Transport: Pinocytosis: take in a bit smaller particles
In pinocytosis, tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell. “cell drinking”

72. Active Transport: Exocytosis
The release of large amounts of material from the cell is the process called exocytosis.
During exocytosis, the membrane of a cell created vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.
ER = Endoplasmic Reticulum

73. Exocytosis
This is how proteins & other substances that have moved from the ER to the Golgi get sent out of the cell

74. Active and Passive Transport
Ameoba Sisters: Cell Membranes and Cell Transport: Molecules like to Move it, Move it (7:49 min)

75. Summary: Methods of transportation 1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis (diffusion of water)
3. Facilitated Diffusion
4. Molecular Transport (using carrier or channel proteins)
5. Endocytosis
6. Exocytosis
Passive transport
Active transport

76. Check & Participation Points:
What type of transport moves particles from low to high concentration?
What does active transport need from the cell before it can happen?
What is the main differences between passive and active transport?
What sized particles are moved through protein channels in the cell membrane by active transport?
What types of particles are moved by endocytosis and exocytosis?

77. Check & Participation Points:
What is the main difference between diffusion and active transport?-Active transport needs energy, passive does not
What does active transport need from the cell before it can happen? - energy
What is the main differences between diffusion and active transport? –active transport uses energy from the cell, moves particles from low to high concentration; diffusion & passive transport depends on the particles own random energy, it moves particles from high to low concentration
What kinds of particles are moved through protein channels in the cell membrane during molecular active transport? – small individual molecules
What types of particles are moved by endocytosis and exocytosis? – large molecules and even solid clumps of material, including bacteria