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English dialects IRISH
Sumeja Sadiki
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Ireland
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Hiberno‐English (from Latin Hibernia: "Ireland") or Irish English is the set of English dialects natively written and spoken within the island of Ireland (including both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland). Hiberno-English's spelling and pronunciation standards align with British rather than American English. However, Hiberno-English's diverse accents and some of its grammatical structures are unique, with some influence by the Irish language and a tendency to be phonologically conservative, retaining older features no longer common in the accents of England or North America.
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Irish accents East Coast Irish English (Dublin)
West and South-Western Irish Accents Northern Irish Accents or Ulster English Supra regional southern Irish English
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Local Dublin English Local Dublin English (or popular Dublin English) here refers to a traditional, broad, working-class variety spoken in the Republic of Ireland's capital city of Dublin. It is the only Irish English variety that in earlier history was non-rhotic; however, it is today weakly rhotic, and it uniquely pronounces: /aɪ/ as [əɪ]. /aʊ/ as [ɛʊ~eʊ]. /ɔɪ/ as [aɪ~äɪ]. /oʊ/ as [ʌʊ~ʌo]. /ʌ/ as [ʊ]. /θ/ and /ð/, respectively, as [t(ʰ)] and [d]. The local Dublin accent is also known for a phenomenon called "vowel breaking", in which the vowel sounds /aʊ/, /aɪ/, /uː/, and /iː/ in closed syllables are "broken" into two syllables, approximating [ɛwə], [əjə], [uwə], and [ijə], respectively.
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New Dublin English This "new mainstream" accent of Dublin's youth, rejecting traditional working-class Dublin, pronounces: /æ/ as open as [a] /ɑːr/ may be [äːɹ], with a backer vowel than in other Irish accents, though still relatively fronted /ɔː/ as high as [ɔː] or even [oː], causing a re-split in the cot–caught merger that traditionally characterized Dublin speech /ɔɪ/ as high as [ɔɪ] or even [oɪ] /oʊ/ as the London diphthong [əʊ] /ɛər/ and /ɜːr/ as both possibly rounded [øːɻ], perhaps causing a fur–fair merger /ɔːr/ and /oʊr/ as possibly merged, as well as /w/ and /hw/ as possibly merged, leading to potential horse–hoarse and witch–which mergers
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Pronunciation and Phonology
Pure vowels ( monophthongs ) Gliding vowels (diphthongs) Consonants
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Pure vowels (monophthongs)
The following pure vowel sounds are typical of Irish English: The vowel /ʌ/, as in cut or run, is typically centralized in the mouth and often somewhat more rounded than other standard English varieties, such as Received Pronunciation in England or General American in the United States. Most Irish English varieties make some distinction between the "broad" a and "flat" a of Received Pronunciation, whereas General American, for example, makes no distinction. There is inconsistency regarding the lot–cloth split and the cot– caught merger; certain Irish English dialects have these phenomena while others do not. Any and many are pronounced to rhyme with nanny, Danny, etc. by very many speakers, i.e. with each of these words pronounced with [æ].
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Gliding vowels (diphthongs)
The following gliding vowel (diphthong) sounds are typical of Irish English: The first element of the diphthong /aʊ/, as in ow or doubt, may move forward in the mouth in the east (namely, Dublin) and supraregionally; however, it may actually move backward throughout the entire rest of the country. In the north alone, the second element is particularly moved forward, as in Scotland. The first element of the diphthong /ɔɪ/, as in boy or choice, is slightly or significantly lowered in all geographic regions except the north. The diphthong /eɪ/, as in rain or bay, is most commonly monophthongised to [eː]. Furthermore, this often lowers to /ɛ/ in words such as gave and came (sounding like "gev" and "kem").[citation needed]
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Consonants The consonants of Hiberno-English mostly align to the typical English consonant sounds. However, a few Irish English consonants have distinctive, varying qualities. The following consonant features typical of Hiberno-English: H-fulness: Unlike most English varieties of England and Wales, which drop the word-initial /h/ sound in words like house or happy, Hiberno-English always retains word-initial /h/. The phonemes /ð/ (as in the) and /θ/ (as in thin) are pronounced uniquely in most Hiberno-English. /ð/ is pronounced as [d] or [d̪], depending on specific dialect; and /θ/ is pronounced as [t] or [t̪]. The phoneme /t/, when appearing at the end of word or between vowel sounds, is pronounced uniquely in most Hiberno-English; the most common pronunciation is as a "slit fricative". The phoneme /l/ is almost always of a "light" or "clear" quality (i.e. not velarised), unlike Received Pronunciation, which uses both a clear and a dark "L" sound, or General American, which pronounces all "L" sounds as dark. Rhoticity: The pronunciation of historical /r/ is nearly universal in Irish accents of English. Like with General American (but not Received Pronunciation), this means that the letter "r", if appearing after a vowel sound, is always pronounced (in words such as here, cart, or surf).
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