1. Introduction to Spatial Information Technologies in the Earth Sciences
What is GIS/RS and what can it do for me?
Why is Miles on the faculty in this College?
Miles Logsdon Or

2. “Our” agenda today What are “spatial information technologies?
What is the difference between GIS, Spatial Analysis, and Spatial Data Analysis?
What is the difference between a Spatial model and a Spatial Explicit Model
What is a theoretical basis for the application of GIS and spatial data analysis in Ecological Studies?
What research “methods” or “tools” directly apply between the two fields?

3. GIS - GPS – Remote Sensing
My agenda
Show you pretty pictures
Talk about myself
Justify our time together
Stop talking - Sooner or later
Spatial
Information
Technologies
GIS - GPS – Remote Sensing

4. Spatial Information Technologies
Geographic Information Systems – GIS
Global Positioning System – GPS
Remote Sensing and Image Processing - RS
Technologies to help answer:
What is “here”? … give a position
What is “next” to “this”? … given some description
Where are all of the “???” … detecting or finding
What is the spatial pattern of “???”
When “X” occurs here, does “Y” also occur?

5. GIS Geographic Information System A KEY POINT: Geo-referenced Data
GIS - A system of hardware, software, data, people, organizations and institutional arrangements for collecting, storing, analyzing, and disseminating information about areas of the earth. (Dueker and Kjerne 1989, pp. 7-8)
GIS - The organized activity by which people
Measure aspects of geographic phenomena and processes;
Represent these measurements, usually in a computer database;
Operate upon these representations; and
Transform these representations. (Adapted from Chrisman, 1997)
A KEY POINT: Geo-referenced Data

6. Suggested Reading
Chrisman, Nicholas, 1997, “Exploring Geographic Information Systems”, John Wiley & Sons,
Burrough, P. A., 1986, “Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment”, Monographs on Soil and Resources Servey #12, Oxford Science Publications
Miller, Roberta Balstad, 1996, "Information Technology for Public Policy", in GIS and Environmental Modeling: Progress and Research Issues, editors, Michael F. Goodchild, Louis T. Steyaert, Bradley O. Parks, Carol Johnston, David Maidment, Michael Crane, and Sandi Glendinning, GIS World Books.
Goodchild, Michael F., "The Spatial Data Infrastructure of Environmental Modeling", in GIS and Environmental Modeling: (see above).
Faber, G. Brenda, William W. Wallace, Raymond M. P. Miller, "Collaborative Modeling for Environmental Decision Making", proceedings of the GIS'96 Tenth Annual Symposium on Geographic Information Systems, Vancouver, B.C., March 1996.

7. The larger context
(Chrisman, 1997)

8. Concept of Spatial Objects1
POINT 5 3 2
LINE
AREA
Concept of Spatial Objects
Raster Data Encoding
POINTS
LINES
AREA
Vector Data Encoding

9. Vector - Topology Vector - Topology 1 2
Data Relationships are invariant to translation and rotation
Vector - Topology
Descriptive
Spatial
Object
VAR1 VAR2 1 2 3
x1,y1
x2,y2
x3,y3 1 2 3
Fnode Tnode x1y1, x2y2
VAR1 VAR2 1 1 2
xxyy, xxyy
xxyy,xxyy 1 2 3 2 2 1
VAR1 VAR2 2 3 1 2
10, 11, 12, 15
10, ……. 1 2 15 10 1 4 12 5 11

10. Map Algebra Raster topology
In a raster GIS, cartographic modeling
is also named Map Algebra.
Mathematical combinations of raster layers
several types of functions:
Local functions – do not consult the 8 neighbors
Focal functions – function on the “kernel” of neighboring cells
Zonal functions – function on cells that test true in a different layer
Global functions – based upon the distribution of “all” cells
Functions can be applied to one or multiple layers

11. Focal Function: Examples
Focal Sum (sum all values in a neighborhood) =
Focal Mean (moving average all values in a neighborhood)
(3x3)

12. Spatial Analysis vs. Spatial Data Analysis
The accurate description of data related to a process operating in space, the exploration of patterns and relationships in such data, and the search for explanation of such patterns and relationships
Spatial Analysis vs. Spatial Data Analysis
Spatial Analysis = what is here, and where are all the X’s ???
Spatial Data Analysis = observation data for a process operating in space and methods are used to describe or explain the behavior, and/or relationship with other phenomena.

13. GPS – Finding distance by measuring time
GPS SV
GPS – Finding distance by measuring time
The precise location is determined by the intersection of 4 spheres of “time” X A B u
4:00 p.m. >>
<< 7/100 of a second
after 4:00
Receiver:
Satellite:
G J K E T Y U O W V W T D H K …
G J K E T Y U O W ...

14. Satellite Remote Sensing
June 27, 2001

15. SeaWifs, April 24, 1999 A “zonal” function between 3 raster layers
Thanks to Seelye Martion

16. PATTERN: (Landscape Ecology)
Structure = the spatial relationships among the distinctive ecosystems or “elements”
Function = the interactions among the spatial elements
Change = the alteration in the structure and function of the ecological mosaic over time

17. Landscape Structure Physiognomy / Pattern
Composition = The presence and amount of each element type without spatially explicit measures.
Proportion, richness, evenness, diversity
Configuration = The physical distribution in space and spatial character of elements.
Isolation, placement, adjacency
** some metrics do both **

18. Types of Metrics Area Metrics Patch Density, Size and Variability
Edge Metrics
Shape Metrics
Core Area Metrics
Nearest-Neighbor Metrics
Diversity Metrics
Contagion and Interspersion Metrics

19. Structured Process in Geostatistics
Represent the Data
Explore the Data
Fit a Model
Perform Diagnostics
Compare the Models

20. Introduction to Geostatistics
Z(s) D
D is the spatial domain or area of interest
s contains the spatial coordinates
Z is a value located at the spatial coordinates
{Z(s): s  D}
Geostatistics: Z random; D fixed, infinite, continuous
Lattice Models: Z random; D fixed, finite, (ir)regular grid
Point Patterns: Z  1; D random, finite
One of the most obvious representations of spatial data is by their spatial coordinates. This is in addition to the usual ways of a tabular arrangement. The feature of spatial data is that each datum has spatial coordinates associated with it. Here is some notation as well.

21. Merge Bathymetry & Topography
Thanks to David Finlayson

22. Puget Sound DEM: Resolving Coast Geomorphology
Thanks to David Finlayson

23. Classified “land surface” response
June, 1981
Dec. 1998

24. Ocean Remote Sensing: Our collection Pacific Northeast,
Apr – Sep,
Ocean Remote Sensing:
SeaWifs, 1999, 1km monthly mean chlorophyll-a estimates
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep

25. Flying