1. Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia
Revolutions in Europe
& Latin America
(19c - Early 20c)
Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia

2. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
Congress of Vienna
Uprooted the revolutionary seed
How?

3. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
Conservatives
Who were they?
What type of government did they support?
Who did they want to run business and the economy?
What were their goals?

4. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
Liberals
Who were they?
What type of government did they support?
Who did they want to run business and the economy?
What were their goals?

5. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
Nationalism
What is the definition of modern nationalism?
How did it start in Europe?
Where, why?
What are the goals of modern nationalists?
What are some negative effects of nationalism?

6. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
Revolts Against the Old Order
Balkans
Why did the Serbians revolt against the Ottoman Empire?
Key Leaders
Karageorge
Milos Obrenovic
What did the Serbians actually achieve?
Autonomy - definition

7. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
Revolts Against the Old Order
The Greeks
Why did the Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Empire?
Why did the West assist the Greeks in independence?
Where is the Concert of Europe?

8. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
French Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the throne
Charter of French Liberties
Two house legislature and allowed limited freedom of the press
Battle of the ideologies - Liberals Vs Conservatives
Ultraroyalists – extreme conservatives wanted to restore Old Order
Liberals – extend suffrage and win a share of power for the bourgeoisie
Radicals – wanted a republic

9. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
July 1830 Revolution
Causes:
Louis XVIII dies brother Charles X takes throne
Rejected charter – suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press
Liberals respond in Paris – barricades and uprisings – Rebels control Paris
Charles X abdicates to England

10. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
July Revolution
Radicals wanted a republic
Moderate Liberals wanted a constitutional monarchy
Chamber of Deputies (lower house of legislature) chose Louis Philippe as king
Citizen King – owed his throne to the people
Policies favored the middle class over the workers
He extended suffrage but only for the wealthier citizens – majority of citizens still could not vote.

11. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
French Revolution of 1848
“February Days” Causes:
Industrial Revolution changed life, especially in the cities
Radicals still wanted a republic
Liberals called Louis Philippe’s government corrupt
Recession hit: Factories shut down, poor harvests
“February Days” Effects – Paris barricaded
Government tried to silence critics and prevent public meetings
People took to the streets and built barricades again
Phillipe abdicates – liberal, radical and social leads – Second republic (First was Napoleon Bonaparte)
Socialists forced the government to set up national worships to provide jobs for the unemployed

12. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
French Revolution of 1848
June days - Causes
Upper and Middle class interests had won control of the government
They saw workshops as a waste of time – Closed them down
Violence – liberal and socialist desires come to a head – 1500 people killed in uprisings
Peasants attacked workers fearful of socialists taking their land

13. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
“June Days” - Effects
National Assembly comes back and dominates government again
“Second Republic of France” - Restore order, issues a constitution – strong president one house legislature
Universal male suffrage

14. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
“June Days” – Effects Cont.
Elections: Louis Napoleon
appeared to care about issues such as poverty
1852 – crowned Napoleon III and created the Second Empire of France
Wanted to restore the glory days of Napoleon Bonaparte
Used plebiscites
Ruled in a time of economic growth

15. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
Spread of the Revolution
What happened in the following places?
Belgium
Poland
Italy
Germany
Frankfurt Assembly – first attempt to unify Germany
Tried to write a constitution of r the whole land
Should Germany be a republic or a monarchy – debated
Assembly offered Frederick William IV the throne – HE REJECTED IT!
Said it came from the people, “the gutter” not from German Princes
1849 assembly dissolved – Germany a mess

16. Section 1: Revolutions Sweep Europe
Why did most of the rebellions fail?
What caused most of these rebellions?

17. Section 2: Latin American Wars of Independence
European Empires: 1660s

18. 16c-18c: New Ideas Brewing in Europe

19. Causes of Latin American Revolutions
Enlightenment Ideas- writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.
- Women held Tertulias
2. Creole discontent at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions.

20. 3. Inspiration of American & French Revolutions
Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789
Declaration of Independence, 1776

21. 4. Weakness of Spain Under Napoleon

22. Latin American Revolutions!

23. Toussaint L’Ouveture Leads a Revolution in Haiti (1804)

24. Mexico 1810 – Father Miguel Hidalgo
Creole Priest in the poor parish of Dolores
Sept called people to prayer and called people to fight for independence and liberty– “el Grito de Dolores” the cry of Dolores
After some early successes, the rebels began to face opposition
A year after his speech, Hidalgo was captured and executed

25. Mexico Jose Morelos 1821 – Spanish rule is overthrown in Mexico
Another priest who picked up where Hidalgo left off
Wanted to improve conditions for the majority of Mexicans, abolish slavery and give the vote to all men
He too was captured and shot in 1815
1821 – Spanish rule is overthrown in Mexico
Agustin de Iturbide – Creole helped overthrow Spanish viceroy
Emperor Agustin I – soon to be overthrown by liberal Mexicans
Republic of Mexico
Mexico will have to deal with internal struggles as well as interference from foreign powers

26. Central America
Spanish ruled countries in Central America declared independence in 1820
After the overthrow of the viceroy in Mexico, local leaders set up a republic called:
United Provinces of Central America
Short lived – fragmented into separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and Costa Rica

27. Simón Bolivar: The “Brains” of the Revolution
Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela.
Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.

28. Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin

29. The “Muscle” of the Revolution
Bolivar coming from the North.
José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross the Andes Mountains.

30. Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!

31. Brazil Freed from Portugal
The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.
Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.
Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.

32. Independence for Spanish & Portuguese Latin America
By the mid-1820s, revolts create many newly-independent nations.
Toussaint L’Ouveture – Haiti
Bolívar, San Martín, & O’Higgins in: Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, the United Provinces of Central America, and Gran Columbia!

33. Latin American States After the Revolutions

34. Results
of the
Latin American
Revolutions

35. 1. Life did not change for most people
Independence did not take away all the problems the countries faced while still colonies
If anything, problems got worse

36. 2. No Unity! Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South America:
Many newly independent countries struggle with civil wars.
By 1830s, geographic factors (mts., the Amazon, etc.) plus cultural differences defeated attempts at unification.
Gran Columbia.
United Provinces of Central America.

37. 3. Social Classes did not change
The Peninsulares will die out after independence
The creoles will take their place and exert control and misuse the lower classes

38. 4. Democracy Did Not Come
Colonies did have the know how to organize and put into place a working democratic government

39. 5. Left Many Countries in the Control of Caudillos
WHY? – little experience with self government
WHO WERE THEY?:
BUT…Overthrew governments and took away basic human rights.
Some attempted to make improvements, but most just cared about themselves and their families and friends [nepotism].
Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point [coup d’etats!]

40. 6. Catholic Church Supported Old System
Catholic Church owned most of the land in Latin America and wished to keep control of it.

41. 7. Cash Crop Economies
Newly independent countries did not have their mother countries to rely on for trade
Countries were not industrialized.
They only grew cash crops such as coffee, tobacco, etc.
Cash crop economies are dangerous
If the crop should fail, the economy collapses
If people are only growing cash crops there will be a lack of food

42. 8. Economic Dependency
Dependence on foreign nations for capital and for economic investments.
The nations are desperate for other countries to buy their goods
What they have to offer is natural resources and therefore are dependent on the US and Britain for manufactured products