1. Schematic diagram of the potential cellular effects of interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 on inflammatory and structural cells in asthma.
Schematic diagram of the potential cellular effects of interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 on inflammatory and structural cells in asthma. Both IL-4 and IL-13, produced by T-helper type 2 cells and mast cells, promote airway inflammation by activating eosinophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells; airway remodelling by enhancing proliferation/activation of fibroblasts; immunoglobulin (Ig)E production by activating B-cells; mucus production by stimulating airway epithelial cells/goblet cells; and airway hyperresponsiveness by activating airway smooth muscle cells.
C. K. Oh et al. Eur Respir Rev 2010;19:46-54
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