1. SAXS Laboratory Instrumentation
J. D. Londono
DuPont Experimental Station
Wilmington DE

2. Lab Instrumentation Safety Pinhole instrument Increasing intensity
Laboratory setup
Pinhole instrument
Increasing intensity
Use of multilayer optics
Rotating anode source
Kratky Instrument
Increasing resolution
Bonse Hart Instrument (Jan Ilavsky)

3. Safety; Lab Setup (1)
Controlled temperature and atmosphere to protect high voltage electrical equipment
Nominally 50% humidity, 73ºF
Avoid being above the dew point
May cause condensation and dripping
Avoid being too dry
May cause electrical discharges
May need dedicated air conditioning/humidifier
Floor strength must support heavy analytical equipment

4. Safety; Lab Setup (2)
Hazardous conditions created by cooling water in combination with high voltage x-ray equipment
X-ray tube needs 1 gal/min cooling flow
Rotating anode needs 6 gal/min (18KW)
A cooling tank is about 30 gallons in capacity
Cooling capacity in a lab may reach a total of ~20 gal/min and several tanks totaling ~100 gal
Sound safety strategy is to separate water tanks from the high voltage equipment
Locate tanks in a basement if possible
X-ray safety
Radiation badges, interlocks, process safety management and hazard analysis

5. The Pinhole Instrument
SAXS Camera at MRL UCSB A B C
Source to sample and sample to detector distances are often the same
path lengths are evacuated
The pinholes (4) are located near the source (A) and near the sample (C), and the beam defining pinhole (B) is located half-way between source and sample
A (400m), B (200m), C (700m)
Beamstop is a pin diode used to measure transmitted beam

6. Examples of Commercial Pinhole Cameras
Purdue University
Rigaku
Bruker

7. Increasing Intensity Use of multilayer optics Rotating anode source
Kratky Instrument

8. Use of Multilayer Optics
Bragg scattering from controlled alternating layers of light/heavy element materials is used to produce focused or parallel beams
If the layer thickness is varied across a pre-curved substrate, a graded optic can be produced that captures a larger angle of X-rays from the source and produces either a focused or parallel X-ray beam.

9. Rotating Anode Source
A clean well-serviced anode is the key to its flawless operation
The cathode fails after about 1000 hours of operation

10. Kratky Instrument
A Krakty instrument is a viable way to obtain reasonable intensity at a low cost
Kratky instruments generally run on a x-ray tube source
Data has to be desmeared because of the use of line collimation