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Publisher (Management) Emerald Group Publishing Limited

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1 Publisher (Management) Emerald Group Publishing Limited
The Insiders’ Guide to Getting Published in International Research Journals Kim Foster Publisher (Management) Emerald Group Publishing Limited Monday 21st July 2008 Ciclo de Conferencias Bancaja Jóvenes Emprendedores 2008

2 Emerald Group Publishing – company background
World’s leading publisher of management research Celebrated 40 years in publishing in 2007 Founded in 1967 in Bradford, West Yorkshire Offices Beijing, Tokyo, Delhi, Kuala Lumpur and Boston Emerald now publishes over 185 journals in business and management Over 18 million downloads in 2007 (background) Emerald Group Publishing began in 1967 when a group of academics from Bradford Management Centre, dissatisfied with the publishing outlets at the time, decided to start up their own business which focused on niched management disciplines such as strategy, change management, and international marketing. The company has come a long way since then and now employs over 160 people in Bradford with regional offices in the USA, Malaysia, Australia and Japan, China and India. Back in 1996 the company launched its Emerald Fulltext Database – an online collection of over 100 journals. In 2005 we launched Emerald Management Xtra – a product developed for business schools, with the help of business schools, which not only services libraries, but also offers lots of resources for authors, researchers, students, faculty, alumni and managers. However, if the name Emerald is not familiar to you, then you may know us indirectly from some of our journal titles such as: Management Decision European Journal of Marketing International Journal of Operations & Production Management Journal of Documentation Journal of Knowledge Management Assembly Automation As an academic publisher, we are: international; inclusive (we have a philosophy of theory and practice, rigour and relevance); supportive of scholarly research and its processes; and focused on improving author, reader and customer experiences – the reason I am here today.

3 Positioning and philosophy – Emerald looking forwards
Emerald’s publishing philosophy: We believe in the application of ideas We believe that good management can – must – make a better world We believe in inclusivity, internationality, innovation and independence A better-managed world means better government, better business, more equality, meritocracy of race, age and gender, more employment, more wealth ‘Research you can use’

4 Editorial supply chain and journal management structure
Author Editor Publisher Production Users Research Quality research papers EAB and reviewers Solicits new papers Handles review process Promotes journal to peers Attends conferences Develops new areas of coverage Access via library Hard copy Database Third party The link between the publisher and editor Helps editors succeed in their role and build a first class journal Overall responsibility for journal Promotion and marketing Attends conferences Handles production issues QA – sub-editing and proof reading Convert to SGML for online databases Print production Despatch Added value from publisher (supply chain) Now, the editorial supply chain. This is probably obvious, but is perhaps worth looking at, just to ensure that you know what happens to your paper once it has left your desktop. These are the people who take your paper from your PC to the finished journal and make it available on a library shelf or database. The first stage of the chain is, of course, the authors who submit their work to the journal. The Editor who is responsible for: sourcing new papers and working with the authors; liaising with the EAB to ensure an effective vetting of the papers; attending conferences; and networking and promoting the journal to his or her peers. The publisher, employed by the publishing company, is the direct link between the publishing company and the Editor. Their aim is to help the Editor succeed in turning their title into an internationally recognised journal. At Emerald they work with the Editor to create long-term development plans for each journal and also attend conferences with a view to raising the profile of the journals. They also liaise closely with the sales and marketing departments in order to identify opportunities for promotion. Day-to-day, publishers are responsible for ensuring that journal issues come in from the Editor and are passed to the production department in time to meet the schedule deadlines. From the publisher an issue of a journal will pass through a Quality Assurance process before being converted into SGML/XML formats for the databases and into hard copy for despatch. As with the peer-review process, this is another area where a publisher will add value to your work. Each article is tagged, which makes it searchable within databases and the QA department will correct typographical errors, and inconsistencies within your article. Finally, we come to the users who access Emerald papers in different ways. This could be through a printed copy of the journal, via a database on the internet, or as part of a third-party service (such as Proquest) which has an arrangement with us to host our content. Although your article will be published in a specific journal, it will usually be found and read via a search across a database. All of this then comes back full-circle to you, our authors who, more often than not, are also our users and readers. Ultimately the articles that Emerald publishes feed directly back into the body of research and assist in furthering other researchers, authors and faculty members.

5 Being published means…
Your paper is permanent – published material enters the ‘body of knowledge’ Your paper is improved – through the interventions of editors, reviewers, sub-editors and proof-readers Your paper is actively promoted – it becomes available to a huge audience Your writing is trustworthy – material which has been published carries a QA stamp. Someone apart from the author thinks it’s good (being published) I now move on to the part of the workshop in which I expect you are most interested – the things you need to consider for publishing success. Before I do though, I have to stress that nothing I am about to say will come as a surprise. It is all very simple and really just common sense. However, just because it’s all so simple may mean that you overlook something that then causes your paper to be rejected. I hope that you will be able to take away at least one or two new ideas that will help you improve your writing and submissions for publication. But why go through a publisher in the first place? What does it mean to be published? Your material is permanent, once published - and will have a place within the “body of knowledge”. It will always be there for future research. This is particularly important when you bear in mind the fact that many of the articles that are downloaded from the Emerald Fulltext database are not from current volumes, but from previous ones. In fact, our most downloaded article was published in 1994 [a marketing paper by Christian Grönroos] and that has been downloaded over 20,000 times (From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Marketing Shift, Christian Grönroos, Management Decision, Vol 32, No 2, 1994) Emerald is also part of the LOCKSS programme (Lots Of Copy Keep Stuff Safe). Even if we go bust tomorrow, or all our own databases and back-ups fail completely, all our content will still be available to libraries worldwide via LOCKSS. Your paper is improved through the interventions of the reviewers, especially if revision is required, and the careful checking and corrections by the sub-editors and proof-readers. And, finally, your paper is promoted through the journal’s name and the databases to a much wider audience. Being published means that your material is trustworthy – someone apart from you thinks that it is good. Other influential people, such as the editor and the reviewers in your field, think that it is worthy of publication. Reviewers are subject specialists, with whom you normally may not have the opportunity to share your research and findings. Their comments should be viewed not as criticism but as constructive feedback on how to improve and refine your work, and so contribute more effectively to the body of knowledge.

6 Being published also means dissemination
Emerald now publishes… 116,000 articles online, or over 110 years of content Over 18 million downloads in 2007 60% of customer usage occurs outside the UK More than 3,000 university libraries worldwide subscribe to Emerald journal collections 98 of the world’s top 100 business schools (2006 Financial Times MBA school rankings) subscribe to Emerald titles (online usage) Online usage of journals increases all the time. Through this medium publishers are always looking for better ways to disseminate their authors’ work and, hopefully, increase their citation rates. Here are just a few statistics to show you how the online community currently uses Emerald’s content. As you can see, we have 56,000 papers online, which represents over 13 years of our journals. Prior to 1994 we have five years of the abstracts. We are still considering whether to go back even further to digitize all our back volumes. We have already done this for a selected number of well-known titles. There’s a monthly download of nearly 2 million articles and 64 per cent of usage is by people from outside the UK. Although online usage may not be your key concern when writing and submitting an article, it is worth keeping in mind, particularly in regard to the title and keywords you assign – but I’ll say more on this later. Because of electronic dissemination more of our papers are spotted by leading newspapers and media. For example, papers on GM foods, changing clothes sizing, and benchmarking the performance of universities, have featured in papers such as The Economist and The Guardian and The Times Higher Education Supplement.

7 Some Statistics from Spain
Authors = 1,603 of 70,000 (2.2%) No. of papers = 2,532 of 140,000 (1.8%) Usage = 78,464 downloads in 2007 Most used journals International Journal of Operations & Production Management European Journal of Marketing Journal of Knowledge Management Journal of Intellectual Capital

8 Top Spanish Users Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
Universitat de Valencia Universitat Ramon Llull Universitat de les Illes Balears Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona 11. Universitat Politecnica De Valencia

9 Spanish Authorship

10 Ideas: where to start As well as ‘traditional’ research…
Are you working on a Doctoral or Master’s thesis? Have you completed a successful project? Are you working on a problem with no clear solution? Do you have an observation on a subject? Have you given a presentation or conference paper? If so, you have the basis for a publishable paper (where to start) What are you going to write? Authors are people like you! Authors can be at the beginning of their academic careers like many of you in this room who are undertaking research degrees. Authors may be more senior and experienced and may have been published many times. However, what all authors have in common is that they all have a very particular story to tell, be it from a Doctoral or a Master’s thesis, a project or a research problem. Emerald also encourages authors from the world of business – perhaps they’ve been working as an advisor, research collaborator or consultant. Whatever the stimulus you have the basis for a publishable paper.

11 Which journal to target?
Where have similar papers been published? Is the journal sympathetic to your subject and methodology? Check editorial board and predict likely reviewers Ask the Editor if your paper or topic is appropriate before you submit NEVER, EVER submit a paper to more than one journal simultaneously Be political (national vs international) and strategic (5 articles in ‘low ranked’ journals vs one in ‘top ranked’ journal) If you’re still not sure – ask!

12 Thomson Reuters (ISI) What is it?
A database of 9,000 selected journals, each scored with an Impact Factor based on citations Emerald currently has 39 journals on ISI Very difficult to get journals listed – the application can take 2 years! Not the only measure of quality Usage is a good measure Other journal rankings (ABS list, Harzing)

13 Thomson Scientific (ISI)
How are Impact Factor calculations made? ISI uses the following equation to work out the impact factor of a particular journal: A = cites to articles published only in in a given journal B = number of articles published in in a given journal A/B = 2006 impact factor for the journal Using the Journal of Management Genius as an example, there were 20 citations in 2006 in other ISI journals from its issues (A). In this two-year period there were 60 articles published (B), which meant that the impact factor for Journal of Management Genius in 2006 was 20/60 = A = cites (20) B = articles published (60) A/B = 2006 impact factor (0.333)

14 Get it read “Many papers are rejected simply because they don’t fulfil journal requirements. They don’t even go into the review process.” Follow the Author Guidelines – to the letter! Find where to send your paper (editor, regional editor, subject area editor). Read a copy of the journal and check the publisher’s website Send an outline or abstract and ask if it looks interesting (or how it could be made so) Confirm how an editor would like a submission Be realistic about timescales and revisions (target!) This is about targeting the paper and finding the right journal. The single most common cause of failure in getting published is not selecting the right journal! Having done all the hard work in writing up the research and getting the paper as close to publication as possible many authors fail at this point. When selecting a journal, do your homework. You have spent all this time getting your paper as near to perfection as possible – do not rush this part. Do not just look at a journal title, dig a little deeper. For example, you may have a 1,500-word case study on information systems in a major company that looks ideal for a journal, only to find that it does not accept short, practitioner-oriented papers. Journals usually have very tight requirements for the papers they publish. The more highly thought of the journal, the more strict the editor can afford to be. Be realistic – the journal that everyone wants to publish in may have a very high rejection rate simply because they cannot possibly publish all comers, the quality of paper notwithstanding. For example, the British Medical Journal has a rejection rate of about 95%.

15 Example of author guidelines
Every journal published will have detailed notes and guidelines (Author guidelines) Author guidelines are your best guide and you must read them. They can usually be found on a publisher’s web site or in a copy of the journal and will give you the journal’s subject scope, its aims, desired length of paper and the sort of papers for which it is looking. Also, do not forget to read the submission process – this may sound obvious but I can promise you that many hundreds of submissions each year do not follow submission guidance. If the Editor wants electronic submissions, do not send hard copy. If they want two copies of the paper, do not send just one. Although it is highly unlikely that your paper will be rejected on such grounds, you want to make the process as smooth as possible for all parties, as this will certainly increase your chances. It will certainly speed up the process. If you are still unsure about whether your paper will be right for a particular journal, then send an abstract of the paper to the Editor to see if the article is of interest. Their contact details will be published in the journal and on the website. Visit your library, read an issue of the journal. These particular author guidelines are included in full at the end of the handouts. You will see just how pernickety a publisher and editor can be.

16 Editors and reviewers look for …
Originality – what’s new about subject, treatment or results? Research methodology – are conclusions valid and objective? Clarity, structure and quality of writing – does it communicate well? Sound, logical progression of argument Theoretical, relevant and practical implications (the ‘so what?’ factors!) Recency and relevance of references Adherence to the editorial scope and objectives of the journal (What do editors and their reviewers look for) I think perhaps this is the most important slide I’ve prepared for today. I have listed 8 points on this slide – many of which can make or break your chances of having your paper accepted. Editors will supply their reviewers with clear instructions as to what to look out for in any paper they are asked to review. These criteria will normally comprise some or all of these factors. Usually a reviewer will complete a document ticking off the requirements and listing the missing factors or problems for the editor. Your paper should have something new to say. It should refer to and relate to what has gone before, correctly citing and acknowledging others’ work. If a research paper, the methodology should be clear so that any conclusions can be assessed and validated. The paper has to communicate well – employ a clear structure, use sensible headings to break up the text, avoid undue repetition, use short rather than long involved sentences, spell out acronyms in the first instance and don’t include illustrations and appendices, etc. unless they are essential for meaning. A reviewer’s time is given freely and is precious – they don’t want to waste time trying to understand what someone is nearly but not quite saying. They also don’t want to read something that is twice as long as it need be. You don’t get extra brownie points for spinning it out!! Everyone already has too much to read. Be logical in your discussion. Let it be clear how you are building up your case. Try to include the “so what” factors. For example, what might your work mean to the systems engineer? What are the implications for future research? References should be complete, accurate, recent and relevant. You need to demonstrate that you have taken on board all the recent work in the field. And last but by no means least (and repeating what I have already said) you must be absolutely sure your paper fits within the journal’s editorial scope and objectives.

17 Some essentials of a research paper
A structured abstract – in 250 words or less (no more than 100 in any one section) Purpose – Reasons/aims of paper Design – Methodology/’how it was done’/scope of study Findings – Discussion/results Research limitations/Implications – Exclusions/next steps Practical implications – Applications to practice/’So what?’ Originality/value – Who would benefit from this and what is new about it? (essentials of a research paper) We categorise papers by type. For example we talk about case studies, research papers, view points, theoretical or discursive papers, etc. but today I am concentrating on research papers – those that arise from original research. To ensure that a research paper meets most of the editors’ and reviewers’ requirements listed in the last slide it’s important that all this information is clearly spelled out: tell them why you wrote the paper, what is new about it. Tell them what you set out to do. Outline the methodology used for collecting the data – why you chose that method and how it worked. Include questionnaires, detailed data collection, etc. as Appendices so that it’s there if needed but isn’t part of the main text. It’s important to identify any research limitations. The fact that something didn’t work out quite as expected, didn’t give the anticipated result or was based on a limited sample is very important. Double check that you have read all the pertinent literature and have referred to it correctly. Be careful not to use someone else’s words as your own. Plagiarism is a growing concern for both academia and the publishing industry. We all use, or are considering using, plagiarism detection software now (in fact Emerald was the first international publisher to make all its content freely available to an anti-Plagiarism company – i-Thenticate, who run turnitin.com in the UK). Take great pains with your referencing – ensure you have provided all the detail so that a source can be located, use a recognized style and do include all of them. The findings and discussion should clearly lead to sound conclusions.

18 Improve electronic dissemination by…
Using short descriptive title containing main keyword – don’t mislead Writing a clear and descriptive abstract containing the main keywords and following any instructions as to content and length Providing relevant and known keywords – not obscure new jargon Making your references complete and correct – vital for reference linking and citation indices Ensuring your paper is word-perfect (electronic dissemination) I mentioned before how the electronic environment and dissemination impacts on an author but I cannot stress how important this is! I offer the following tips: (1) Use short but descriptive titles containing the main keywords/topics. Less is definitely more in this respect! We have seen some of words which often won’t fit in the fields provided for them in databases. Be descriptive – remember, people are more likely to find your paper if the title accurately describes its content. Amusing titles can backfire e.g. a paper on scheduling but entitled “The cart before the horse” may only ever be accessed by students at an agricultural college! See also (From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Marketing Shift Christian Grönroos, Management Decision, Vol 32, No ), our most downloaded paper ever. Yes, it is a seminal paper, but it also contains “marketing” in the title three times and numerous times in the abstract and keywords. It comes up first in most searches for articles about marketing!!! (2) The better the title and the abstract, the greater the chance of your article being read online. This is very important, as more people will see your article via electronic databases than via any other medium. When confronted with a list of 300 relevant article abstracts which are they going to pick? Just remember your own “Google behaviour”. (3) Choose five to six broad but relevant keywords that accurately describe your paper – the better the keywords, the more likely it is that your paper will be found by users searching the database. Don’t make up new terms for the ideas in your paper – if you do your paper may well disappear down a proverbial black hole. (4) Complete and correct references will aid reference linking. It just doesn’t do to make errors in citing others’ work. The electronic environment has made it both easier to commit plagiarism and to detect it so it’s even more important to make correct attributions.

19 Some key questions Readability – Does it communicate? Is it clear? Is there a logical progression without unnecessary duplication? Originality – Why was it written? What’s new? Credibility – Are the conclusions valid? Is the methodology robust? Can it be replicated? Is it honest – don’t hide any limitations of the research? You’ll be found out. Applicability – How do findings apply to the world of practice? Does it pinpoint the way forward for future research? Internationality – Does it take an international, global perspective? (five questions) Now before you submit the final paper, there are five key questions you should ask yourself. Whilst self-critical review is probably one of the hardest things to do, once you have mastered the art, it can be one of the most beneficial steps. Ask yourself these questions? Answer as honestly as possible: (1) Is the article readable? Does it communicate with the audience? Don’t forget that not all readers will be subject experts. Try to minimise jargon. Do not over-simplify your article but try to keep it as straightforward as possible. (2) Is it original? This is another common failure – being original is of course what you are all searching for. Finding that angle and exposing it will give you the advantage. (3) Credibility – Is the methodology robust? Is it clear? Could it be replicated? (4) Applicability – How can your new research be used? What are the practical applications? This is another shortcoming of many papers – great, but what does it mean? How will it change the way we work? What does it do for us? Where should future avenues of research go? (5) Internationality – In a global economy domestic papers are less appealing. Most publishers are international ... most authors and EABs are international. If your work is local, think how it could be applied or adapted for an international audience.

20 Your own peer review Let someone else see it – show a draft to one or more friends or colleagues and ask for their comments, advice and honest criticism We are always too close to our own work to see its failings Always proof-check thoroughly – no incorrect spellings, no incomplete references. Spell checkers are not fool-proof Remember: Leads Metropolitan University (your peer review) Another useful step prior to publication is to conduct your own peer review. Let others see your work or give it to someone who is not a subject expert and see how it reads. Ask for honest criticism and try to accept what is said, even if it is not what you want to hear. After all, the end result will be a far superior paper. We are always TOO close to our own work to see its failings. Our sub-editors and proof-readers NEVER receive a perfect paper. You will look at your paper over and over again but there will be an error that will elude you. Yet the guy in the next desk will spot it straight away. Check your figures – do they add up, include a note if you have rounded them up. Read and re-read your paper for typos – at the very least run your paper through a computer spell-checker but don’t rely on it. Shamefacedly, I admit that we published a book review a few years ago which contained the author’s affiliation as “Leads Metropolitan University”. The author used a spell checker and so do we!

21 Co-authorship as a possibility
With supervisor, across departments, someone from a different institution Demonstrates the authority and rigour of the research Especially useful for cross-disciplinary research Ensure paper is checked and edited so that it reads as one voice Exploit your individual strengths Agree and clarify order of appearance of authors and the person taking on the role of corresponding author (Co-authorship) Don’t discount writing a paper with someone else. Some work benefits greatly from the joint input of more than one mind. We often publish papers jointly authored by the student and supervisor or by people across departments or institutions. There are one or two extra things to keep in mind if doing this. Be careful when joining together sections of the paper written by different people. The paper will need reading and editing to ensure consistency of language and avoidance of duplication and conflicting statements. Also be careful to agree with your co-authors who is going to be the corresponding author and in what order the names should appear on the published paper. On the plus side, writing with another lets the authors concentrate on their own strengths – one might be better at the data analysis or a far better writer. This kind of collaboration is especially useful when writing and publishing cross-disciplinary research. The authors are able to demonstrate that the different disciplines have been represented properly which all adds to the authority of the writing.

22 Process of acceptance for a journal – just one example
(Peer review system) This slide shows the acceptance rates of just one of our journals. Approximately 30 per cent of papers received by the editor are published. I think the saddest figure there is the 16% withdrawn by the authors. It’s very likely those papers would have been published if the authors had persevered with the revisions. Very, very few are rejected at the final hurdle.

23 Revising A request for revision is good news! It really is
You are now in the publishing cycle. Nearly every published paper is revised at least once Don’t panic! Even if the comments are sharp or discouraging, they aren’t personal (revising) It is understandable that you may not see a request for revision as good news, but rest assured that it really is! You have made it - you are now in the publishing cycle. Editors and reviewers will not request a revision unless they genuinely think that the paper is right for the journal. Do not forget that nearly every published paper is revised at least once. Authors are asked to revise their work right through their careers – honestly, it’s not just the newcomers! And do not be discouraged if reviewer comments are sharp or blunt. Bear in mind that these are very busy people and the comments are not personal, particularly as most journals operate a blind peer-review system.

24 Keep your promises! Now you are on your way
But, now you have to keep to the editor’s proposed timetable Don’t promise a date that is too soon to enable you to rework the paper properly But if you can get it in earlier, you may “delight” the editor Delighted editors will ask you back

25 How to revise your paper
Acknowledge the editor and set a revision deadline Clarify understanding if in doubt – ‘This is what I understand the comments to mean…’ Consult with colleagues or co-authors and tend to the points as requested Meet the revision deadline Attach a covering letter which identifies, point by point, how revision requests have been met (or if not, why not) (how to revise) This now gives you an opportunity to enter into dialogue with the Editor about your paper. First, acknowledge the Editor and set a revision deadline, which you must then keep. If you are unsure about any of the comments do not be afraid to ask and, if you disagree with any, then say so (although give good reasons why you do not think a change is necessary). Clarify your understanding to avoid wasting any of your time. You should work on the comments, one by one and with the help of colleagues, as this will vastly increase your chances of acceptance. When complete, send the paper back with a covering letter that clearly states what revisions were requested and how you addressed each point (if you can provide specific page numbers, even better!).

26 If your paper is rejected…
Ask why, and listen carefully! Most editors will give detailed comments about a rejected paper. Take a deep breath, and listen to what is being said Try again! Try to improve the paper, and re-submit elsewhere. Do your homework and target your paper as closely as possible Don’t give up! At least 50% of papers in business and management don’t get published. Everybody has been rejected at least once Keep trying! (rejection) Whilst no one likes rejection, do not see it as the end of the line. The reviewer or Editor comments should give you the information you need to strengthen the weak areas of the paper. Ask for reasons if they are not immediately forthcoming. Do not forget that there are hundreds of other journals out there, so you can always re-submit to another journal. Go back to those author guidelines, re-read your paper and make sure that you really have found the right fit. Most importantly – keep at it!! At least 50 per cent of papers in business and management do not get published and everybody has been rejected once. It is hard, but try not to take it personally or be so discouraged that you don’t try again. Keep trying.

27 How Emerald can help YOU
Research Connections – put you in touch with other researchers in your area Premium help with placing your paper Complimentary journal issue and five reprints upon publication Calls for Papers and news of publishing opportunities on journal web pages Editing service available Outstanding Doctoral Research Awards Annual Awards for Excellence (the Emerald difference) Obviously I hope that in the months and years to come we will publish some of your work in one of our journals. [NB I can provide you with details of how many papers have been published from the institution you are presenting at if you ask me – Jim Bowden] But why should you choose to publish in an Emerald journal? First and foremost, we genuinely value our authors. It is why we created the Emerald Literati Network, now over 30,000 authors. Authors are our life-blood. We aim for speed to publication and do our best at all times to be helpful and responsive to all authors. We have a liberal copyright policy. We do not restrict or remove your right to use your own work, nor do you have to ask permission, should you wish to re-publish. We donate much of our copyright revenues to the research community through Research Fund Awards and, more recently, Doctoral Research Awards, aimed at helping young researchers at the beginning of their academic careers. [NB Ask me and I can provide leaflets/flyers about these awards and funding opportunities- Jim Bowden]

28 Thank you. Any questions?
For any answers you didn’t get today … Please or phone me at: +44 (0) (thanks, questions) This concludes my presentation. I hope that I have given you an insight into academic publishing and maybe even provided you with some tips and thoughts to help you achieve your publishing goals. Thank you for your time and wishing you all publishing success in the future.


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